Vapnenac
Geology
Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. Due to subterranean drainage, there may be very limited surface water, even to the absence of all rivers and lakes. Many karst regions display distinctive surface features, with sinkholes being the most common. Some karst regions include thousands of caves, even though evidence of caves that are big enough for human exploration is not a required characteristic of karst.
The karst in Montenegro differs along the territory, by its distribution and position, its position in relation to the non-karstic terrain and the Adriatic sea, and by its occurrences and processes. This comes as a consequence of diverse sedimentation conditions. A segment which forms the terrain of Montenegro, is built up of limestone and dolomite sediments. Since the end of Devonian period it has been uplifted and lowered by different geological times to the final uplifting when present territory of Montenegro has been formed. This caused favourable conditions for sedimentation of different products, among which were dominant those who have formed limestones and dolomites of great thickness and distribution. During those movements, there were relatively quiet periods when small islands existed, protruding above the sea level as islands. The climate was also variable, but mostly favorable for the development of karstification. Simultaneously with these movements, the folding, faulting, overthrusting and even movements which caused creating of nappes occurred. As a result, the rock porosity increased favouring the karstification process and forming today's karst - a geological product of very complex and enigmatic occurrences.
Karst of the Pindus-Cukali zone, in the territory of Montenegro Budva-Bar zone, is characterised by contact and contact-fluvial relatively low karst. Notable within this zone is frequent alteration of karstified limestones and dolomites with terrains built up of sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Their dynamic reserves are small, providing hardly 5 l/s during the drought periods. The seepage karst aquifers of this geotectonic unit are, in several places, in immediate contact with the sea. These are low and shallow aquifers with brackish water. In this karstic area, water-rich aquifers with dynamic reserves do not exist. The reason for this is a small distribution of cavernous limestones.
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite. Like most other sedimentary rocks, limestones are composed of grains, however, around 80-90% of limestone grains are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. Some limestones do not consist of grains at all and are formed completely by the chemical precipitation of calcite or aragonite. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes. Regions overlying limestone bedrock tend to have fewer visible groundwater sources (ponds and streams), as surface water easily drains downward through joints in the limestone. While draining, water and organicacid from the soil slowly (over thousands or millions of years) enlarges these cracks; dissolving the calcium-carbonate and carrying it away in solution. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock.
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Geologija
Krš je krajolik oblikovan raspad sloja ili slojeva topljivih temelj, obicno karbonatna stijena kao što je vapnenac ili dolomit. Zbog podzemne drenaže, postoji svibanj biti vrlo ogranicenim površinske vode, cak i na odsustvo svih rijeka i jezera. Mnogi krškim podrucjima prikazati karakteristicne znacajke površine, s dolcima se najcešce. Neki krškim podrucjima ukljucuju tisuca špilja, iako su dokazi o špiljama koje su dovoljno velika za ljudska istraživanje nije potrebna karakteristika krša.
Krški u Crna Gora razlikuje duž teritorija, po njegovu distribuciju i položaj, položaj u odnosu na ne-kraškog terena i Jadranskog mora, te je po pojavama i procesima. To dolazi kao posljedica razlicitih uvjeta sedimentacije. Segment koji oblici terena Crna Gora, je izgraden od vapnenca i dolomita sedimenata. Od kraja razdoblja Devon je bio uzdignute i smanjena razlicitih geoloških doba do konacne uplifting kada je bio prisutan teritoriju Crna Gora je formirana. To je uzrokovalo povoljne uvjete za taloženje razlicitih proizvoda, medu kojima su bili dominantni one koji imaju formiran vapnenaca i dolomita velike debljine i distribucije. Tijekom tih pokreta, bilo je relativno mirna razdoblja, kada je postojala mala otocica, strše iznad morske razine kao otoci. Klima je takoder promjenjivi, ali je uglavnom povoljna za razvoj karstifikacija. Istovremeno s tim pokretima, preklop, faulting, overthrusting, pa cak i pokreti koji uzrokuju stvaranje nappes dogodilo. Kao rezultat toga, povecana Poroznost stijena koji pogoduju karstifikacija proces i formiranje današnjeg krša - geološka proizvod vrlo složen i zagonetnim pojavama.
Karst of Pindus Cukali-zoni, na teritoriju Crna Gora Budva-Bar zona, karakterizira kontakt i kontakt-fluvijalno relativno niska krša. Poznati unutar ove zone je cesta mijenjanja karstified vapnenaca i dolomita s terena izgraden od sedimentnih i vulkanska stijena. Njihov dinamican rezerve su male, pod uvijetom da jedva 5 l / s tijekom sušnih razdoblja. Propuštanja krški vodonosnici ove geotektonska jedinice su, u nekoliko mjesta, u neposrednu kontaktu s morem. To su niske i plitke vodonosnici uz bocata voda. U ovom Krško podrucje, vodom bogatom vodonosnici s dinamicnim rezerve ne postoje. Razlog za to je mala distribucija kavernozan vapnenaca.
Vapnenac
Vapnenac je sedimentna stijena sastavljena uglavnom od minerala kalcita. Kao i vecina drugih sedimentnih stijena, vapnenaca se sastoji od žitarica, medutim, oko 80-90% od vapnenca zrna su skeletni fragmenti morskih organizama poput koralja ili foraminifera. Neki vapnenaca ne sastoji od žitarica na svim, a formirana su potpuno kemijski taloženja kalcita ili Aragonit. Topljivost vapnenca u vodi i slabe kiseline dovodi do rješenja krškog krajolika. Regije overlying vapnenac temelj imaju tendenciju da imaju manje vidljive podzemnih izvora (barama i potocima), kao i površinska voda lako odvodi prema dolje kroz reške u vapnencima. Dok isušivanje, voda i organicacid iz tla polako (više od tisuca ili milijuna godina), povecava tih pukotina; otapanje kalcij-karbonata i odvodenja u otopini. Vecina špilja sustavi su kroz vapnenacke temelj.
Kako se prijaviti:
Da bi se ovaj log (Earthcache) kao i (found), morate uciniti sljedece:
Opcionalno: Uzmi sliku o sebi sa svojim GPS u ruci u blizini kipa i vapnenca u pozadini.
Odgovorite na sljedeca pitanja i pošaljite odgovore na cacheowner:
1. Imati pogledati na vapnenackom u blizini, što je to napravio u skladu sa tekst gore?
2. U kojem razdoblju su geološki tih klisura formiran?
Ne morate cekati odobrenje od cacheowner da se prijavite kao rezultata. Ako mi trebate dodatne informacije, sam da znaš. Sjecati se to post sliku, a ne
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References: http://www.asak.org.rs/karst/montenegro/mnkarst.html
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