A waterfall is a place where flowing water rapidly drops in
elevation as it flows over a steep region or a cliff. Typically, a
river flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been
formed by a fault line. As it increases its velocity at the edge of
the waterfall, it plucks material from the riverbed. This causes
the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream.
Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or
gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper
into the ridge above it. Often, the rock stratum just below the
more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that
undercutting due to splash back will occur here to form a shallow
cave-like formation known as a rock shelter or plunge pool under
and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the outcropping, more
resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of
rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then
broken down into smaller rocks that get moved down the river.
The height of a waterfall is often subject to various
interpretations. In most cases a waterfall starts with a series of
rapids, then goes over a vertical or nearly vertical drop, and ends
with a cataract over the debris at the bottom of the vertical drop.
The heights given in the table below are those of the highest
vertical or nearly vertical drop. Reversing Falls are phenomena
resulting from tidal action. At low tide, the inland waters empty
into the sea over a rocky shelf in a waterfall. As the tide rises
above the falls, the seawater forces its way against the river
flow. The resulting turbulence, in the form of whirlpools, eddies
and rapids, makes the falls appear to have actually reversed.
Canada's three reversing falls are:
· Saint John River, Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick
· Wager Bay, Ford Lake, Nunavut
· Barrier Inlet, Hudson Strait, Nunavut
Information from freebase.com and the Natural Resources
Canada
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