Meandmydogs began the series of Women in History caches. On this women's history month, I am adding a few to the series.
For the complete article see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Lee_Crumpler
Rebecca Lee Crumpler, born Rebecca Davis, (February 8, 1831 – March 9, 1895), was an American physician, nurse and author. After studying at the New England Female Medical College, in 1864 she became the first African American woman to become a doctor of medicine in the United States.[a] Crumpler was also one of the first female physician authors in the nineteenth century.[4] In 1883, she published A Book of Medical Discourses. The book has two parts that cover the prevention and cure of infantile bowel complaints, and the life and growth of human beings. Dedicated to nurses and mothers, it focuses on maternal and pediatric medical care and was among the first publications written by an African American on the subject of medicine.
Crumpler graduated from medical college at a time when very few African Americans were permitted to attend medical college or publish books. Crumpler first practiced medicine in Boston, primarily serving poor women and children. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, she moved to Richmond, Virginia, believing treating women and children was an ideal way to perform missionary work. Crumpler worked for the Freedmen's Bureau to provide medical care for freedmen and freedwomen.
Crumpler was subject to "intense racism" and sexism while practicing medicine. During this time, many men believed that a nearly immutable difference in average brain size between men and women explained the difference in social, political, and intellectual attainment.[5] Because of this, many male physicians did not respect Rebecca Lee Crumpler, and would not approve her prescriptions for patients or listen to her medical opinions.
Crumpler later moved back to Boston, where she continued to treat women and children. The Rebecca Lee Pre-Health Society at Syracuse University and the Rebecca Lee Society, one of the first medical societies for African American women, were named after her. Her Joy Street house in Beacon Hill is a stop on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.
Early life and education[edit]
In 1831, Rebecca Lee Crumpler was born Rebecca Davis in Christiana, Delaware to Matilda Webber and Absolum Davis.[6][7] She was raised in Pennsylvania by her aunt who cared for ill townspeople.[1][2] Her aunt acted as the doctor in her community and had a huge influence on Crumpler's decision to pursue a career in medicine.[7] Crumpler moved to Charlestown, Massachusetts in 1852, where she worked as a nurse before applying and becoming accepted into the New England Female Medical College.
Rebecca Lee Crumpler was the only African American student at the school.[4]
Education[edit]
Nursing and medical school[edit]
From 1855 to 1864, Crumpler was employed as a nurse.[6] She was accepted into the New England Female Medical College in 1860.[1][2] She won a tuition award from the Wade Scholarship Fund, established by a bequest from local businessman John Wade of Woburn.[9]
In the mid-19th century, it was rare for women or black men to be admitted to medical school. In 1860, due to the heavy demands of medical care for American Civil War veterans,[10] opportunities increased for women physicians and doctors. Due to her talent, Crumpler was given a recommendation to attend the school by her supervising physician when she was a medical apprentice.[2][6] That year, there were 54,543 physicians in the United States, 300 of whom were women. None of them were African Americans, making Rebecca Lee Crumpler the first and only African American physician in her class.[c]
Crumpler graduated from New England Female Medical College in 1864[12][d] after having completed three years of coursework, a thesis, and final oral examinations in February 1864. On March 1, 1864, the school's board of trustees named her a Doctor of Medicine.[2] Married to Wyatt Lee at that time, she was identified as Mrs. Rebecca Lee by the school,[11] where she was the only African American graduate. She was the country's first African American woman to become a formally-trained physician.[1][e]
Physician[edit]
Crumpler first practiced medicine in Boston and primarily cared for poor African American women and children.[2] After the end of the American Civil War (1861–1865), she moved to Richmond, Virginia, believing it to be an ideal way to provide missionary service, as well as to gain more experience learning about diseases that affected women and children. She said of that time, "During my stay there nearly every hour was improved in that sphere of labor. The last quarter of the year 1866, I was enabled... to have access each day to a very large number of the indigent, and others of different classes, in a population of over 30,000 colored."
Crumpler worked for the Freedmen's Bureau to provide medical care to freedmen and freedwomen who were denied care by white physicians.[13] At the Freedmen's Bureau, she worked under the assistant commissioner, Orlando Brown. Subject to intense racism by both the administration and other physicians,[13] she had difficulty getting prescriptions filled and was ignored by male physicians.[13] Some people heckled that the M.D. behind her name stood for "Mule Driver".[1][2][f]
Crumpler moved to 67 Joy Street in Boston,[14] a predominantly African American community in Beacon Hill. She practiced medicine and treated children without much concern for the parents' ability to pay.[1] Her house is on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.[14]
Education[edit]
In 1860, bearing letters of recommendation from her physician-employers, Crumpler was accepted into the elite West Newton English and Classical School in Massachusetts,[2][6][15] where she was a "special student in mathematics."[6] Crumpler taught in Wilmington beginning in 1874 and in New Castle, Delaware beginning in 1876.[6]
A Book of Medical Discourses[edit]
In 1883, Crumpler published A Book of Medical Discourses from the notes she kept over the course of her medical career. Dedicated to nurses and mothers,[1][2] it focused on the medical care of women and children.[16] Her main desire in presenting this book was to emphasize the "possibilities of prevention."[17] Therefore, she recommended that women should study the mechanisms of human structure before becoming a nurse in order to better enable themselves to protect life. However, Crumpler stated that most nurses did not agree with this and tended to forget that for every ailment, there was a cause and it was within their power to remove it.[17] Although her primary focus was on the health of women and children, which seemed to be influenced by homeopathy, Crumpler recommended courses of treatment without stating that the treatment was homeopathic. She did not mention that medicine could be harmful, but stated the conventional amount of standard medicine usage.[12] Her medical book is divided into two sections: in the first part she focuses on preventing and mitigating intestinal problems that can occur around the teething period until the child is about five years of age; the second part mainly focused on the following areas: "life and growth of beings", the beginning of womanhood and the prevention and cure of most of the "distressing complaints" of both sexes.[18] Although the book was focused on medical advice, Crumpler also ties in autobiographical details that contain political, social, and moral commentary.[19] Specifically in the first chapter, Crumpler gave non-medical advice concerning what age and how a woman should enter into marriage. The chapter also contained advice for both men and women on how to ensure a happy marriage.[20] Crumpler describes the progression of experiences that led her to study and practice medicine in her book:
It may be well to state here that, having been reared by a kind aunt in Pennsylvania, whose usefulness with the sick was continually sought, I early conceived a liking for, and sought every opportunity to relieve the sufferings of others. Later in life I devoted my time, when best I could, to nursing as a business, serving under different doctors for a period of eight years; most of the time at my adopted home in Charlestown, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. From these doctors I received letters commending me to the faculty of the New England Female Medical College, whence, four years afterward, I received the degree of Doctress of Medicine.[21][22]
At the time, many writings and books by African American authors had prefaces and introductions written in the style of white male writings to give them authentication. Crumpler introduced her own text, and justifying her work based on her own authority.[19]
The cache is located at N 44 15.ABC W 071 15.DEF
A= The third number in the year she moved to Charlestown, Massachusetts
B= The third number in the year she died
C= In 186C, due to the heavy demands of medical care for American Civil War veterans, opportunities increased for women physicians and doctors.
D= The last number in the year she was accepted into the elite Newton English and Classical School
E= The last number in the year she was named a doctor of medicine
F= The first number of her address on Joy Street in Boston