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Cipher
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an
algorithm for performing encryption or decryption — a series
of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An
alternative, less common term is encipherment. In
non-technical usage, a “cipher” is the same thing as a
“code”; however, the concepts are distinct in
cryptography. In classical cryptography, ciphers were distinguished
from codes. Codes operated by substituting according to a large
codebook which linked a random string of characters or numbers to a
word or phrase. For example, “UQJHSE” could be the code
for “Proceed to the following coordinates”. When using
a cipher the original information is known as plaintext, and the
encrypted form as ciphertext. The ciphertext message
contains all the information of the plaintext message, but is not
in a format readable by a human or computer without the proper
mechanism to decrypt it; it should resemble random gibberish to
those not intended to read it.
The operation of a cipher usually depends on a piece of
auxiliary information, called a key or, in traditional NSA
parlance, a cryptovariable. The encrypting procedure is
varied depending on the key, which changes the detailed operation
of the algorithm. A key must be selected before using a cipher to
encrypt a message. Without knowledge of the key, it should be
difficult, if not nearly impossible, to decrypt the resulting
ciphertext into readable plaintext.
Most modern ciphers can be categorized in several ways:
- By whether they work on blocks of symbols usually of a fixed
size (block ciphers), or on a continuous stream of symbols (stream
ciphers).
- By whether the same key is used for both encryption and
decryption (symmetric key algorithms), or if a different key is
used for each (asymmetric key algorithms). If the algorithm is
symmetric, the key must be known to the recipient and sender and to
no one else. If the algorithm is an asymmetric one, the enciphering
key is different from, but closely related to, the deciphering key.
If one key cannot be deduced from the other, the asymmetric key
algorithm has the public/private key property and one of the keys
may be made public without loss of confidentiality. In the movie
"Bletchley Park", a cipher was a known piece of information
encrypted by known method, but with an unknown key. A mechanical
device searched through possible keys that produced a match with
the known information.
Source: Wikipedia
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