SKODA Traditional Cache
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A hundred and fifty. For so many years the Skoda star has been
shining within the constellation of the leading Czechoslovak and
international engineering companies. The jubilee year,
2009.
Sto padesat. Prave tolik let uz sviti na nebi ceskoslovenskeho a
svetoveho prumyslu znacka plzenske Skodovky. Kulate vyroci pripadlo
na rok 2009.
The history of the company SKODA HOLDING a.s. started in 1859
when Count Waldstein de¬cided on transferring part of the
production from his ironworks and engineering shop in Sedlec to
Plzen. It was a clever choice; within a short time, Plzen was
connected by railway with other larger communities and its
industries started to develop rapidly. The original Waldstein
work¬shop, located west of the city centre, manufactured steam
engines, distillery, brewery and sugar refinery equipment,
agricultural tools and other engineering equipment. The first
important turning point in the company development was the year of
1866 when the position of senior engineer was offered to Emil
Skoda. This talented young man was born in Plzen, graduated from
technical college and gained first experience working for German
engineering companies. Skoda was a forward-looking businessman who
made correct estimates of the future develop¬ments in industry and
could foresee which articles would be in demand on the market for
years ahead of time. He systematically sought and strived to win
for the company in Plzen experienced people from other companies.
He also clearly saw that, to become a strong player in the market,
it would be necessary to invest massively into the company, to
introduce new product lines and modernise the existing ones. Count
Waldstein did not share Skoda's views and enthusiasm and eventually
sold the works to him (in 1869).
Historie spolecnosti SKODA HOLDING a.s. se zacala psat v roce 1859,
kdy hrabe Vald¬stejn rozhodl o premisteni casti vyroby ze sve
sedlecke strojirny a zelezarny do Plzne. Volba to byla velmi
prozirava - mesto brzy pote ziskalo zivotne dulezite zeleznicni
spojeni a jeho prumysl se zacal rychle rozvijet. Mala strojirna v
zapadni casti mesta vyrabela par¬ni stroje, vybaveni pro lihovary,
cukrovary, pivovary, zemedelske nastroje a dalsi strojiren¬ska
zarizeni. V roce 1866 prisel dulezity meznik ve vyvoji spolecnosti
-jako vrchni inzenyr nastoupil do strojirny plzensky rodak Emil
Skoda, ktery vystudoval techniku a prvni prakticke zkusenosti
ziskal v nemeckych firmach. Skoda byl velmi proziravy podnikatel -
dokazal na dlouhou dobu odhadnout, kam se bude ubirat vyvoj ve
strojirenstvi a o jaky artikl bude na trhu zajem. Systematicky
vyhledaval a lakal do Plzne zkusene odborniky z jinych spolecnosti.
Pochopil, ze ma-li se plzenska strojirna stat vyznamnym hracem na
tehdejsim trhu, bude treba do podniku mohutne investovat, zavest
nove obory a vyrobu zmodernizovat. Hrabe Valdstejn nemel do techto
planu chut, a tak svoji tovarnu Skodovi v roce 1869 prodal.
Emil Skoda was successful in his early company development
plans. He correctly concluded that the unquiet Europe would need
more and more arms, and invested into this product line. In 1884,
he started to build a modern steel-making facility, necessary for
production of high-quality arms. Two years later, his works started
to manufacture the Solvator-Dormus machine guns.
Emil Skoda zacal svoji tovarnu úspesne rozvijet. Spravne odhadl, ze
v neklidne Evrope bude stale zajem o zbrane, a vsadil na tento
vyrobni program. V roce 1884 zacal stavet moderni ocelarnu, pro
vyrobu kvalitnich zbrani nezbytnou. O dva roky pozdeji Skodovka
zaradila do sveho vyrobniho programu poprve zbrane - kulomety
Solvator-Dormus.
In 1890, Skoda works established an independent
arms-manufacturing division. In spite of the many difficulties
encountered, Skoda was successful again; his company acquired the
status of a sole arms supplier to the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and
later even to the Army. Skoda Works was the first to design, in
1895, a field gun with a long barrel recoil. With a new production
hall constructed in 1896, the company became one of the biggest
arms manufacturers in Europe. In 1899, the family-owned business
was changed into a joint-stock company. In the following year, the
company founder Emil Skoda died.
V roce 1890 vzniklo zbrojni oddeleni Skodovy strojirny. Navzdory
mnoha problemum Skoda uspel. Stal se nejprve monopolnim dodavatelem
rakousko-uherskeho namornic¬tva, pozdeji i armady. V roce 1895
Skodovka zkonstruovala prvni polni kanon s dlouhym zakluzem hlavne,
o rok pozdeji byla postavena nova zbrojni hala. Tovarna se stala
jed¬nim z nejvetsim evropskych vyrobcu zbrani. V roce 1899 se
zmenila z rodinneho podniku na akciovou spolecnost. V roce 1900
jeji zakladatel Emil Skoda zemrel.
However, the scope of the company products was wider than just
arms. Skoda Works still manufactured steam engines, gas engines,
mining equipment, food-processing machines, steel structures and,
as a special product line of great renown, large and complex
castings for the ship building industry. In 1904, the company
management decided to implement another new product line - steam
turbines. Three years later, Skoda Works established an independent
steam-turbine research facility. World War I brought a lot of
business to the company. The Skoda-made arms, in particular heavy
guns and Howitzers, proved reliable and efficient at the war
fronts. On the other hand, the end of the war in 1918 and the
collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire resulted in a crisis for
the company. The demand for arms was low, the traditional markets
ceased to exist, the carefully developed and maintained business
relationships were shattered. To survive and meet the challenges of
the post-war period, the company had to radically change the scope
of its products. The French concern Schneider et Cie acquired the
company shares and brought financial stabil¬ity to the company
business. The new company management sought new product lines to
utilise the idle arms-manufacturing capacities.
Plzenska tovarna nebyla ale jen zbrojovkou. Stale vyrabela parni
stroje, plynove motory, vybaveni pro doly, potravinarsky prumysl,
nejruznejsi konstrukce a take ziska¬la proslulost pri produkci
velkych a slozitych odlitku pro lodni stavitelstvi. V roce 1904
rozhodlo vedeni spolecnosti o zavedeni noveho vyrobniho programu -
parnich turbin. V roce 1907 zalozila vlastni vyzkumny ústav. Prvni
svetova valka prinesla tovarne velkou konjunkturu. Skodovacke
zbrane, zvlaste tezka dela a houfnice, se velmi osvedcily na
frontach. Konec valky a zanik Rakousko-Uherska vsak znamenal pro
spolecnost velkou krizi. 0 zbrane nebyl zajem, rozpadly se tradicni
trhy, zpretrhaly dlouho peclive udrzova¬ne obchodni vztahy. Tovarna
musela radikalne zmenit svuj vyrobni program, aby prezila. Financni
stabilitu ji zajistil vstup francouzskeho koncernu Schneider et
Cie. Nove vedeni spolecnosti rychle hledalo nove obory, ktere by
zaplnili mezeru po omezene zbrojni vyrobe.
Since 1923, the company products bore the new Skodo trademark: a
winged arrow in a circle.
Od roku 1923 oznacovala sve vyrobky novou ochrannou znamkou -
okridlenym sipem v kruhu.
Among the many new products were steam locomotives and, since
1927, electric locomotives. In the 1920s, Skoda Works established a
new operation in Doudlevce — Electrical Engineering Company.
Soon the post-war crisis was successfully overcome, and the Skoda
concern was growing again, to become the largest and most important
industrial enterprise in Czechoslovakia, and one of the largest of
its kind in Europe. Among the acquisitions of that period were
engineering and metallurgical works in Smichov, Hradec Krijlove,
Hradek u Rokycan, Brno, Komamo and Dubnica nod Vahom, as well as
coal mines in the Most and Plzen regions. Skoda concern was also on
important shareholder in Avio Praha (aircraft manufacturer),
Omnipol (export/import company), Cs. zbrojovka Brno (arms
manufacturer) and Koblo Klodno (cable works). In 1925, Skoda
concern acquired the car-manufacturing company Laurin and Kle¬ment
in Mlada Boleslav.
Skodovka tak zacala vyrabet napriklad parni lokomotivy, v roce 1927
i elektricke, ve dvacatych letech zalozila v Doudlevcich vlastni
elektrotechnickou tovarnu. Krizi, do ktere se dostalo po prvni
svetove valce, úspesne prekonala a koncen SKODA se stal nejvetsim a
nejduIezitejsim prumyslovym podnikem tehdejsiho Ceskoslovenska. Do
koncernu se postupne zaclenily zavody v Praze na Smichove, v Hradci
Kralove, Hradku u Rokycan, Brne, Komarne, Dubnici nad Vahom, uhelne
doly v mostecke a plzenske panvi, vyznam¬ny akciovy podil koupila
Skodovka napriklad vAvii Praha, Omnipolu, Cs. zbrojovce Brno nebo
Kablu Kladno. V roce 1925 ziskal koncem SKODA automobilku Laurin a
Klement v Mlade Boleslavi.
These acquisitions had made the scope of company products
extremely wide. Besides the traditional assortment of arms, Skoda
Works now manufactured various power engineering equipment and
machines, transformers, cars, lorries, tractors, ships, aeroplanes,
tanks, bridge constructions, cranes, trolleybuses, traction motors,
machine tools, diesel engines, cigarette makers and packaging
machines, state-of-the-art steam turbines, and the company
engineers constructed power stations, sugar refineries, breweries,
distilleries and other plants for customers in Czechoslovakia and
abroad.
Vyrobni program byl v tehdejsi dobe velmi rozsahly a stale se
rozsiroval. Skodovka vyrabela nejen tradicni zbrane, ale take
energeticka zarizeni, transformatory, osobni i nakladni vozidla,
traktory, lode, letadla, tanky, mostni konstrukce, jeraby,
troleibusy, trakcni motory, obrabeci stroje, dieselove motory,
cigaretove a balici stroje, jeji parni turbiny se dostaly na
svetovou úroven, stavela doma i v cizine elektrarny, cukrovary,
pivovary, lihovary...
World War II had brought another turning point in the Works
history. The French company Sch¬neider managed to sell its
ownership share in the company to Czechoslovak banks in 1939. After
the occupation by the Nazi Germany later in the same year, the
Skoda concern including its affiliat¬ed companies were incorporated
in the Reichswerke Hermann Gbring concern. Conversion to arms and
ammunition manufacturing followed, but the production was
predominantly focused on arms of German design. The development
work in other product lines was only limited and Skoda Works lost
its markets and customers again. In April 1945, the company was
badly hit by air raids and a major part of its premises was
destroyed. After the war the company was under the control of a
national administration body, to become a national enterprise in
1946. Within the restructuring programme for the Czechoslovak
industry in the early 1950s, Skoda Works transferred some of its
activities to other manufacturers. The company was to develop
capabilities in the realm of heavy industry, its scope ofproducts
now consisted ofsteam and electric locomotives, power engineering
equipment and machines, large machine tools and forming machines,
trolleybuses and others. In 1951, Skoda Works manufactured the
first of a large series of condensing steam turbines of rated power
50 to 55MW, in 1953 the first main-line DC electric locomotive of
the series E 499, as well as large lathes and horizontal machines.
In 1961, the company won the biggest export contract in its
history: the construction of a metallurgical combine in India. One
year later, the production of the successful trolleybus model Skoda
9 Tr started. At the turn of the 7960s and 1970s, Skoda Works
became supplier of nuclear power plant equipment.
Druha svetova valka prinesla dalsi zlom v historii spolecnosti.
Jeste v roce 1939 prodala spolecnost Schneider svuj podil
ceskoslovenskym bankam. Po okupaci byla Skodovka a jeji zavody
zaclenena do koncernu Reichswerke Hermann Gõring. Opet se stala
hlavne zbrojni a municni tovarnou, ale do vyroby byly zarazovany
prevazne nemecke konstrukce. Vyvoj v ostatnich oborech byl omezen,
Skodovka znovu prisla o svoje trhy a zakazniky. V dubnu 1945 byla
tezce zasazena bombardovanim a z velke casti znicena. V roce 1945
byla zavedena narodni sprava, o rok pozdeji se Skodovka stala
narodnim podnikem. V ramci reorganizace ceskoslovenskeho prumyslu
na zacatku padesatych let predala spolecnost cast vyrobniho
programu jinym tovarnam. Podnik se mel venovat hlavne tezkemu
prumyslu - v jeho vyrobnim programu zustaly parni a elektricke
lokomotivy, energetika, obrabeci a tvareci stroje, trolejbusy... V
roce 1951 vyrobila Skodovka prvni z velke rady kondenzacnich
parnich turbin 50-55 MW, v roce 1953 prvni tratovou elektrickou
lokomotivu na stejnosmerny proud rady E 499 a take velke soustruhy
a horizontky. V roce 1961 ziskala spolecnost nejvetsi exportni
kontrakt v historii – vystavbu metalurgickeho kombinatu v
Indii. O rok pozdeji byla zahajena vyroba úspesneho trolejbusu
Skoda 9 Tr. Na prelomu sedesatych a sedmdesatych let se Skodovka
stala generalnim dodavatelem jadernych elektraren.
The company had maintained its position of an important
engineering combine, but its products were exported mainly to the
countries of the former Comecon block and to the developing
countries. After 1989 and the collapse of the East economic block,
the company was facing a situation well known to it from before:
loss of markets and customers. In direct competition with western
companies and in the free-market environ¬ment, the Skoda Works had
difficult times to maintain its position. In 1993, the company was
privatised - sold to a private Czech company with financial backing
by two major Czech banks.
Udrzela si pozici strojirenskeho gigantu, ale jeji vyrobky putovaly
hlavne na trhy statu tehdejsiho vychodniho bloku a rozvojovych
zemi. Po roce 1989 a rozpadu vychodniho bloku se spolecnost dostala
do znamych obtizi – prisla o zavedene trhy. V prime
konkurenci se zapadnimi firmami jen tezce hajila sve pozice. V roce
1993 byl koncern Skoda privatizovan a vznikla cela rada dcerinych
spolecnosti.
By the courtesy of SKODAS laskavym dovolenim SKODA.
Additional Hints
(Decrypt)
RA: pbzcrgvgvba, zntarg sebz gur obggbz, pybfre gb gur fgber
PF: xbaxherapvn, zntarg mqbyn, oyvmfvr xh cerqnwav
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