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Til en hver tid har mennesker forsøkt å kommunisere med hverandre, også ut over umiddelbar rekkevidde. Fra helleristninger, røyksignaler og Morse har utviklingen gått fort:
I 1855 startet Telegrafvæsenet sin virksomhet, med telegraflinje mellom Christiania og Drammen. I 1870 omfattet telegrafnettet endelig hele Norge, gjennom inklusjonen av Vardø.
I 1876 fikk Norge sin første telefon, og i 1880 åpnet det første teleabonnentnettet, i Kristiania.
Tjenesten med festtelegram varte fra 1907 til 1980: Innringte meldinger som ble overført til dekorative trykte dokumenter, og overlevert mottager.
I den første perioden med fasttelefon benyttet man ikke telefonnumre. Innringerne koblet seg til telefonsentralen, hvor de fortalte telefondamen hvem de ønsket å ringe til. Telefondamen måtte manuelt koble kabelen over i det hullet som tilhørte den ønskede abonnenten. Telefonsentralene var lenge Norges største arbeidsplass for kvinner.
I 1920 kom den første automatiske sentralen, hvor man ved hjelp av en nummerskive selv kunne velge abonnent. Dette gjaldt i første omgang lokalsamtaler. For rikssamtaler måtte man fortsatt ringe sentralen. Ofte var det lang ventetid før en av linjene ble ledig, og telefondamen kunne ringe tilbake med den ønskede abonnenten i den andre enden.
I 1932 utlyste Telegrafvesenet arkitektkonkurranse om ny offentlig telefonkiosk. Konkurransen ble vunnet av Georg Fredrik Fasting, og i 1933 ble den første telefonkiosken av typen "Riks" satt opp på Amerikalinjens kai i Oslo. I påfølgende år ble om lag 6000 slike telefonkiosker utplassert over hele landet. Helt fram til 1970-tallet var telefonkøene lange.
I 1966 ble manuell mobiltelefoni opprettet (OLT - Operativ Landmobil tjeneste). De fleste mobiltelefonabonnenter var offentlige tjenestemenn: Drosjesjåfører, journalister eller leger. Disse samtalene måtte kobles manuelt.
I 1981 ble mobiltelefonen automatisert, gjennom NMT 450-systemet (Nordisk Mobiltelefon). Med dette kunne abonnentene ringe direkte til hverandre.
I 1993 ble GSM-systemet (Globalt System for Mobilkommunikasjon) lansert, i 2001 kom etterfølgeren GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), og i 2004 åpnet mobilnettet UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System).
I dag går få nordmenn noe sted uten å ha mobiltelefonen i lomma, men de karakteristiske telefonkioskenes affeksjonsverdi og historiske verdi er stor. I 1997 ble "Riksen" erklært verneverdig, og i 2007 lanserte riksantikvaren og Telenor en avtale om bevaring av 100 telefonkiosker landet rundt.
Denne geocachen er gjemt nær en av de vernede telefonkioskene: Vestgrensa 2, Ullevål Hageby.
Kilder: Norsk telemuseum og min bestemor (pensjonert telefondame).
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Since the early beginnings, people have striven to communicate, even when physically out of reach. From rock carvings, smoke signals and Morse, the development has been rapid. An overview of Norwegian telecommunication history:
In 1855, the telegraph company opened its first line, between Christiania (now Oslo) and Drammen. In 1870, all parts of Norway were finally connected to the telegraph network, as a line to Vardø was added.
In 1876, the first telephone arrived in Norway. In 1880, the first network for phone subscribers was opened in Kristiania (now Oslo).
Telegram service was available between 1907 and 1980: Customers would call in giving verbal messages, which would be transferred onto decorative written documents and delivered to the recipient.
In the early days, there were no phone numbers. When you wanted to make a call, you would call the phone central. The "phone ladies" would then connect the wires manually, into the hole that belonged to the house that you wanted to reach. For many years, this was the largest female employment in Norway.
In 1920, the first automatic terminal was brought to use: Customers could use a dial with numbers to automatically reach other local subscribers. For national calls, you would still use the phone centrals. The queue for one of the long distance wires was often long.
In 1932, Telegrafvesenet announced a competititon for a new standardized public phone booth. The competition was won by Georg Fredrik Fasting. In 1933, the characteristic signal red box "Riks" was placed at the docks of the Norwegian America Line in Oslo. In the years to come, approximately 6000 such phone booths were placed all over the country. Until the 1970s, queues to use the booths were usually long.
In 1966, manual cellular phone service was established (OLT). Most of the subscribers were working in the public service: Taxi drivers, journalists or doctors. At this point, the cellular phone calls had to be connected manually.
In 1981, the cellular phone was automated, through the use of the NMT 450 system (nordic mobile telephone). From then on, subscribers could call each others directly.
In 1993 the GSM system (global system for mobile communication) was launched, in 2001 came its successor GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), and in 2004 the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) network was opened.
Nowadays, most Norwegians won't leave home without their cellular phones. At the same time, the cultural and historical value of the characteristic phone booths has increased. In 1997, the "Riks" was declared worthy of national protection, and in 2007, the Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Telenor set up an agreement of inspection and preservation of approximately 100 phone booths nationwide.
This geocache is hidden nearby one of the protected phone booths: Vestgrensa 2, Ullevål Hageby.
Sources: The Norwegian telemuseum and my grandma.
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