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河川争奪/Stream Capture EarthCache

Hidden : 8/30/2015
Difficulty:
3 out of 5
Terrain:
1.5 out of 5

Size: Size:   other (other)

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Geocache Description:

[JP]
このEarthcacheでは、河川争奪について学びます。
[EN]
With this earthcache, you will learn "stream capture".


[JP]
河川争奪(かせんそうだつ)は、河川の流域のある一部分を別の河川が奪う(自らの流域に組み入れる)地理的現象のことです(下図:Wikipedia)。
[EN]
Stream capture is a geological phenomenon where a part of a river is captured by another river(see figure below: Wikipedia).


[JP]
流域が隣接する2つの河川において、両河川の間で河床勾配、流量などに大きな差があり、一方の河川の浸食力が著しく強い場合に河川争奪が発生しやすいです。奪う側の河川の谷頭が上流へ浸食して分水界を後退させて、奪う側の谷頭が隣接河川の水系に達すると、そこから上流の流域をすべて奪い、下流に水の流れない谷地形が残ったり、河道が逆流したりすることがあります。このような河川争奪は、日本で全国的に見られます。
[EN]
A stream capture is likely to happen when there is a significant difference in inclination of riverbed and quantity of flow between two rivers, and thus one of the two rivers has significantly large erosive power. The capturing river captures the upstream of the captured river. The captured river leaves a valley without water flow or reversely flowing river channel in its down stream area.

[JP]
河川争奪は非常に規模の大きな現象であり、その全容を観察することは難しい場合が多いですが、このEarthcache で取り上げる谷沢川による河川争奪は比較的観察しやすいです。
[EN]
Stream capture is a very large scale phenomenon, thus it is usually difficult to get a full picture thereof. However, the stream capture by Yazawa river you observe in this earthcache is relatively easy to observe.

[JP]
谷沢川は、かつて、武蔵野台地の崖からの湧水でしたが、次第に谷頭が上流に浸食し、ついには、九品仏川を争奪したと考えられています(下図:東京地図研究社Webサイトより引用)。
[EN]
Yazawa river used to be a spring from the cliff of Musashino Terrace. Its valley head went upstream by erosion, and finally reached Kuhonbutsu river and captured it (see pictures below cited from Tokyo Map Research website).





Task for claiming Found Log

[JP]
このタスクでは、谷沢川周辺を散策しながら河川争奪の痕跡を観察しつつ、幾つかのQuizに答えましょう。
Found logを書く前に、Quizの答えをキャッシュオーナーに送信してください。
[EN]
As tasks for claiming your Found log, let's walk around Yazawa river with steps described below, observe traces of the stream capture and answer to quizes below. Please send to the cache owner your answers to the Quizes before you write your Found log.

Step 1

[JP]
このキャッシュの公開座標(N 35° 36.529 E 139° 38.758)の地点に立ちましょう。
[EN]
Visit the published coords of this earthcache (N 35° 36.529 E 139° 38.758).

Step 2

[JP]
Additional Waypoint 1へと歩きます。突き当たりには谷沢川が流れていますが、道が川に向かって傾斜していることが分かると思います。この傾斜は、かつて、谷沢川に争奪される前の九品仏川によって浸食された跡だと考えられます。
[EN]
Walk toward Additional Waypoint 1. At the end, there flows Yazawa river. You can see that the path declines toward the river. This declination is thought to have been formed from erosion by Kuhonbutsu river before the stream capture happened.

Step 3

[JP]
Additional Waypoint 2へと歩きます。このWaypoint付近は、かつて九品仏川が東南東-西北西方向に流れていたところであると考えられています。このWaypointから北北東-南南西方向に伸びる道路がWaypointに向かって下っていることが観察され、浅い谷地形になっていることが観察されます。
[EN]
Visit Additional Waypoint 2. It is thought that, before the stream capture, Kuhonbutsu river used to run in east-southeast and west-northwest orientation around this Waypoint. You can observe that the street extending from this Waypoint in north-northeast and south-southwest orientation declines toward the Waypoint, and that there exists a shallow valley.

Step 4

[JP]
この地点の高度を測定します。なお、この高度は、次の地点(Additional Waypoint 3)の高度との差分を計算するために使用しますので、絶対的な高度は必要ありません。単にここでGPSrが示す高度を憶えておいてください。
[EN]
Measure the altitude at this Waypoint. You don't need the absolute altitude, because the measured altitude is only used to find the difference between altitudes of this Waypoint and the next Waypoint (Additional Waypoint 3). Please just remember the altitude which your GPSr indicates here.

Step 5

[JP]
Additional Waypoint 3に行きます。このWaypoint は、正に河川争奪が行われた現場であり、川が急激に方向を変えていることが観察されます。
[EN]
Visit Additional Waypoint 3. Here is the place where the stream capture happened. You can observe that the river drastically changes its stream direction.

Step 6

[JP]
このWaypoint 付近の川の高度を測定しましょう(大体で構いません)。
[EN]
Measure the altitude of the river around this Waypoint (a rough measure is enough).

Step 7

[JP]
次のQuiz 1の答えを考えましょう。
Quiz 1
測定した2つの高度の差はどれくらいでしたか(大きい?小さい?)? なぜ谷沢川は九品仏川を争奪できたのでしょうか?1つの理由をこの高度差から考えてみましょう。
[EN]
Answer to Quiz 1 below.
Quiz 1 How is the difference between the two measured altitude? Large? Small? Why could Yazawa river capture Kuhonbutsu river? Find one of the reasons by taking into account this difference in altitude.

Step 8

[JP]
Additional Waypoint 4を訪れて、次のQuiz 2に答えましょう。
Quiz 2
争奪する側とされる側の流量の差が大きいことも河川争奪が発生する要因の1つですが、争奪前の谷沢川の流量が多かった理由は何でしょうか?Additional Waypoint 4周辺の崖の地層の観察や解説板の記載から考えてみましょう。
[EN]
Visit Additional Waypoint 4 and answer to Quiz 2 below.
Quiz 2
One of the reasons why stream capture happens is that there is a large difference in quantily of flow between capturing and captured rivers. Why did Yazawa river have a large quantity of flow before the stream capture? Please consider by observing strata of the cliff around this Waypoint and also reading the descriptions of the information board at this Waypoint.

Additional Hints (No hints available.)