L'acqua è un composto chimico di formula molecolare H2O, in cui i due atomi di idrogeno sono legati all'atomo di ossigeno con legame covalente polare. In condizioni di temperatura e pressione normali si presenta come un sistema bifase – costituito da un liquido incolore e insapore (che viene chiamato "acqua" in senso stretto) e da un gas incolore (detto vapore acqueo) – ma anche come un solido (detto ghiaccio) nel caso in cui la temperatura sia uguale o inferiore alla temperatura di congelamento.
Essendo l'acqua un ottimo solvente, le acque naturali contengono disciolte moltissime altre sostanze, ed è per questo motivo che con il termine "acqua" si intende comunemente sia il composto chimico puro di formula H2O, sia la miscela (liquida) formata dallo stesso, con altre sostanze disciolte al suo interno.
L'acqua in natura è tra i principali costituenti degli ecosistemi ed è alla base di tutte le forme di vita conosciute, uomo compreso; ad essa è dovuta anche la stessa origine della vita sul nostro pianeta ed è inoltre indispensabile anche nell'uso civile, agricolo e industriale; l'uomo ha riconosciuto sin da tempi antichissimi la sua importanza, identificandola come uno dei principali elementi costitutivi dell'universo e attribuendole un profondo valore simbolico, riscontrabile nelle principali religioni.
Sulla Terra l'acqua copre il 70,8% della superficie del pianeta ed è il principale costituente del corpo umano.
(www.wikipedia.it)
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English
Water (chemical formula: H2O) is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of organisms. As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains oneoxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice; and gaseous state, steam (water vapor). It also exists as snow, fog, dew and cloud.
Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's crust water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation. Only 2.5% of this water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice (excepting ice in clouds) and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. A greater quantity of water is found in the earth's interior.
Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land. Water used in the production of a good or service is known as virtual water.
Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and gross domestic product per capita.However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A report, issued in November 2009, suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%. Water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture.
(www.wikipedia.com)
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