臺灣美濃油紙傘
油紙傘為高雄市美濃區特有的客家文化象徵之一。製作過程可分為製傘骨、製傘、傘頭、傘柄、繪花等五大部分，完成其中之一便可稱為「全藝」。
歷史及沿革
美濃的油紙傘製作技術引進有兩種說法：一種是約在日治時期的大正年間，是由林阿貴和吳振興延請中國的製傘師父至台灣傳授技藝，而另一種說法則是由廣東梅縣製傘師父郭玉琴渡海來台，落腳於高雄美濃定居，而將技術傳入美濃[44]。早期美濃紙傘廠都以「廣」字命名，如廣振興、廣德興、廣榮興、廣美興等。1960年代前，油紙傘、菸草和稻米為美濃地區的重要經濟收入。1960年代時，美濃紙傘業達到最興盛，美濃當地共有二十幾家紙傘廠且每年生產約二萬把以上。但之後由於台灣工業開始急速發展，機器所生產的洋傘價格低廉且耐用易於攜帶，台灣成為洋傘王國，使得洋傘逐漸取代油紙傘，造成不少傳統製傘廠被迫停業。
但在1970年代時，英文漢聲雜誌曾以廣進勝紙傘的創始人林享麟和他的油紙傘作為封面，大幅報導製傘的生活及製傘過程，英國廣播公司也曾到台灣製作紀錄片〈長遠的搜尋〉（Long Search），拍攝美濃傳統油紙傘製作過程[45]。加上1983年時，導演林福地曾在美濃拍攝連續劇〈星星知我心〉。該劇在日本播放後，日本人對劇中的油紙傘印象深刻，並向台灣採購大批油紙傘，挽救了當時油紙傘工業逐漸式微的命運。1980年代之後，台灣民生經濟逐漸富裕，美濃旅遊觀光業也開始漸漸興盛，使得油紙傘逐漸由原本實用的生活目的轉變為與觀光結合的地區文化[來源請求]。
製作材料及過程
美濃油紙傘傘骨所使用的竹材，大部分來自台灣南投縣竹山鎮、埔里鎮以及高雄市旗山區所出產的孟宗竹。由於孟宗竹堅硬有彈性，不易折斷，故傘骨的製作多以孟宗竹為主，製作前將孟宗竹浸泡於水中一個月去糖分，之後曬乾竹材以防蟲蛀，經過鋸竹、削成傘骨，再製作傘頭、傘柄，鑽孔穿線組合。傘骨結構完成之後，再上膠裱紙修邊、上柿子油、曝曬、繪畫、裝傘柄、固定傘頭、穿內線等步驟之後，方始完成[46]。
座標 Coordination
N24 58.825 E121 32.670
Oil-paper umbrella in Taiwan
Oil-paper umbrella has been the cultural symbol of the Hakka in Meinong District of Kaohsiung. The production procedures are divided into five major portions. This includes the umbrella scaffold, umbrella production, umbrella head, umbrella handle and art painting. With any one of the above been done, the umbrella could be called as a "full art" (全藝).
History and modifications[edit]
Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors.
One was that it started during the Japanese rule, during which, Lin (林阿貴) and Wu (吳振興) invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals.
The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo (郭玉琴) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called "廣" (pronounced "Young") for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced lots of traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business.
In 1970, an English journal used the Goung (廣進勝) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin (林享麟) and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the "Long Search". In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De (林福地), have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart. When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir.
Production and materials[edit]
Meinong oil-paper umbrella scaffolds are made mainly from bamboo sticks, which are translocated from places such as Puli, Zhushan, Nantou County and the Cishan District of Kaohsiung. Especially the famous moso bamboo of the Qushan district. Moso bamboo is famous for its strength and elasticity. Thus the scaffold is mainly made of moso bamboo. Prior to production, most bamboo is soaked in water to eliminate the sugar for a month. Then they are dried under the sun to prevent infection of bugs. After cutting and slicing, they become the fundamental scaffold of the umbrella, with additional modifications such as umbrella head, handle and hole drilling for stitching. After the scaffold production, the wax is applied onto the surface as well as the sides. Then persimmon oil, sun bake, painting, handle installment, umbrella head fixed, stitched for a finalized oil paper umbrella.
cited from wiki, 交通部觀光局