櫻花鉤吻鮭（學名：Oncorhynchus masou formosanus），其他俗名尚有台灣鮭魚、台灣鱒、梨山鱒、次高山鱒、台灣陸封型櫻鮭、本邦（泰雅語：bunban），是位於亞熱帶的台灣內唯一一種溫帶性魚類，也是只產於台灣的特有櫻鮭亞種。由於櫻花鉤吻鮭相當稀有且瀕臨絕種，加上它的生活習性迥異於其他魚類，遂得「國寶魚」之美譽。台灣櫻花鉤吻鮭成魚約莫30公分長。基本體色如深綠松石，腹部銀色。沿身體兩側有9個垂直橢圓形的深色斑點和11到13個較小的黑點。在交配季節，雄性的身體側面變成深紅色。嘴寬，延伸到眼睛下方，其狀如鉤，大島正滿先生推論，冰河時期台灣溪流裡的鮭魚也是這樣來回溯河、生生不息。在大約1萬5千年前，冰河期接近尾聲，由於地殼的劇烈升降，台灣地形隆起、氣溫升高，平緩的河川變為陡峭、短急，櫻花鉤吻鮭無法生存，唯獨大甲溪上游相對上平坦的地形，保存了櫻花鉤吻鮭的生活環境，但該溪的中、下游水溫又過高，中游在今天的谷關到德基水庫中間又形成一個小斷層，阻止了櫻花鉤吻鮭洄游大海的機會，於是櫻花鉤吻鮭遂成為「陸封性鮭魚」，由於其在冰河時期來到台灣，因此被稱為「冰河孑遺生物」。另有一說由國立中山大學海洋資源所教授方力行及學生經13年田野調查研究認為，冰河時期櫻花鉤吻鮭是在蘭陽溪中洄游，經數次河川襲奪，少數魚群被陸封棲身在大甲溪上游。學界仍有爭議。
座標 Coordination
N24 59.282 E121 32.845
Oncorhynchus masou formosanus, the Formosan landlocked salmon[1] or Taiwanese salmon, is a freshwater salmonid fish endemic to Taiwan. The Formosan landlocked salmon is a subspecies of the more widespread West-Pacific cherry salmon (or masu salmon). This Taiwanese subspecies is critically endangered, being at high risk for extinction, and is protected in its native habitat. The Formosan land-locked salmon is one of the rarest fish in the world. Once a staple of the Taiwanese aborigine diet, there are now barely more than 400 of this type of salmon left. Overfishing has led to its decline. Conservationists are trying to save this subspecies which is threatened nowadays mainly by pollution. Formosan landlocked salmon are about a foot in length and inhabit cold, slow-flowing streams with gently sloping beds at elevations above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), such as the Chichiawan Stream and the Kaoshan Stream (formerly named Hsuehshan Stream/Wuling Stream) in the upper reaches of the Tachia River. The taxonomic rank of the endemic Taiwanese salmon is in dispute.[2] Some authors consider it not distinct from the nominate cherry salmon (O. masou masou), others as a regional subspecies O. masou formosanus, and still others list is as a full species O. formosanus. At this time, these salmon represent the southernmost natural distribution of members of the family Salmonidae in Asia.
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