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- [REQUIRED] Please post a photo in your log of yourself or a personal item at one of the St. Paul's buildings to prove you visited the site.
- St. Paul's Church Hall - Compare the predominant Island Red Sandstone of the Hall to the limited accents of Nova Scotia Brown Sandstone. What is the difference in colour, texture, porousness, and purity.
- St. Paul's Anglican Church - Compare the main island sandstone with the accents of Nova Scotia sandstone the same as in task #2.
- St. Paul's Rectory - The walls are homogeneous Island sandstone. What makes these building stones different from the others?
The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous period 298.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic period 251.902 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleozoic era; the following Triassic period belongs to the Mesozoic era.
The Permian witnessed the diversification of the early amniotes into the ancestral groups of the mammals, turtles, lepidosaurs, and archosaurs. The world at the time was dominated by two continents known as Pangaea and Siberia, surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa. The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. Amniotes, which could better cope with these drier conditions, rose to dominance in place of their amphibian ancestors.
Your starting point at St. Paul's Church Hall
Starting in 1864 this region was entering a "golden age" for sandstone as an abundant, durable, and fire-resistant building material. The red variety is local to Prince Edward Island, while brown varieties underlie tracts of New Brunswick and neighbouring Nova Scotia.
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments (clasts). Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface, as seen in the Goldich dissolution series. Like uncemented sand, sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and black. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions.
Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow the percolation of water and other fluids and are porous enough to store large quantities, making them valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs. Fine-grained aquifers, such as sandstones, are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices, such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity.
Red Island sandstone
Island sandstone used in the buildings of Charlottetown was likely quarried locally. A known quarry is preserved as a national historic site (but is not open to the public) on Mount Edward Road. Most sandstone blocks in the buildings are homogeneous, but some are noticeable coarse graned, with scattered granules 1 or 2 millimeters across. Others have weathered to reveal cross-bedding.
Nova Scotia brown sandstone
The Nova Scotia Wallace sandstone used in several of Charlottetown's historic buildings is part of a rock formation that continues into southern New Brunswick.