Naravni in umetni ekosistemi pokrivajo površje Zemlje. Vsak ekosistem ima dva sestavna dela, to sta življenjski prostor (biotop) in življenjska združba (biocenoza). Med seboj sta neločljivo povezana, saj snovi med členi nenehno krožijo, energija v sistemu pa se pretaka. Kompleksnejša je zgradba, stabilnejši je sistem, posledično pa večje možnosti za prilagoditev na spremembe v okolju. Ekosistem je ekološki sistem, v katerem celoto tvorijo deli žive in nežive narave. Živi del tvorijo rastline, živali, človek in mikroorganizmi. Živi del ekosistema za svoje življenje in obstoj potrebuje neživi del, tj. zrak/pline, vodo in mineralne snovi (tla). Dejavniki, ki tvorijo ekosistem, so:
1. Neživi (abiotski) dejavniki okolja (voda, svetloba, zrak, toplota, mineralne snovi) so življenjsko okolje, biotop.
2. Živi (biotski) dejavniki okolja (rastline, živali, mikroorganizmi in človek).
a) Primarni proizvajalci v ekosistemu so rastline (Plantae).
b) Potrošniki so živali (Animalia). Ločimo rastlinojede in mesojede potrošnike. Med potrošnike v ekosistemu pogojno spada tudi človek (Homo) s svojo pridobitveno dejavnostjo v ekosistemu.
c) Razkrojevalci (dekompozitorji) so manjše živali, ki se hranijo z organskimi ostanki (detritivori). To so predvsem razne žuželke in mikroorganizmi, mikrobi. Z njihovim delovanjem se reciklirajo hranilne snovi, kar omogoča kroženje snovi v naravi.
3. Energija.
Natural and artificial ecosystems cover the Earth's surface. Each ecosystem has two components, namely the habitat (biotope) and the living community (biocenosis). They are inextricably linked, as substances are constantly circulating between the links and energy in the system is flowing. The more complex the structure, the more stable the system, and consequently the greater the ability to adapt to changes in the environment. An ecosystem is an ecological system in which the whole is made up of parts of living and non-living nature. The living part is made up of plants, animals, humans and microorganisms. The living part of the ecosystem needs the non-living part for its life and existence, ie. air / gases, water and minerals (soil). The factors that make up an ecosystem are:
1. Inanimate (abiotic) environmental factors (water, light, air, heat, minerals) are the living environment, the biotope.
2. Living (biotic) environmental factors (plants, animals, microorganisms and humans).
a) The primary producers in the ecosystem are plants (Plantae).
b) Consumers are animals (Animalia). We distinguish between herbivorous and carnivorous consumers. Consumers in the ecosystem conditionally include man (Homo) with his acquisition activity in the ecosystem.
c) Decomposers are smaller animals that feed on organic residues (detritivores). These are mainly various insects and microorganisms, microbes. Through their action, nutrients are recycled, which allows the circulation of substances in nature.
3. Energy.
Organizmi življenjske združbe nenehno tekmujejo med seboj in z možnostmi, ki jih omogoča življenjski prostor. V tem tekmovanju obstanejo le najuspešnejši. Med seboj in v odnosu do okolja so organizmi v naravi v biološkem ravnotežju. Sprememba v vsakem od delov sistema vpliva na druge člene, hkrati pa je vsak del odvisen od delovanja celotnega sistema. Spremembe ekosistema lahko povzročijo notranji in zunanji dejavniki.
The organisms of a living community are constantly competing with each other and with the possibilities offered by the living space. Only the most successful remain in this competition. Organisms in nature are in biological balance with each other and in relation to the environment. A change in each of the parts of the system affects the other members, and at the same time, each part depends on the operation of the whole system. Ecosystem changes can be caused by internal and external factors.
Ekosisteme lahko razdelimo po več kriterijih: z vidika energije, z vidika sestavin, z vidika človekovega vpliva; ločimo kopenske in vodne ekosisteme.
Avtotrofne organizme delimo na: FOTOAVTOTROFE (organizme, ki energijo za proizvodnjo organskih snovi dobijo od Sonca). Procesu proizvodnje energije rečemo fotosinteza. Fotoavtotrofi uspevajo v vseh okoljih, kjer je dovolj svetlobe, vode in prostora za rast. Na kopnem prevladujejo rastline, v vodnih okoljih do meje, kamor prodira svetloba, pa drugi organizmi, kot so alge, nekateri protisti (npr. evglena) in fototrofne bakterije (npr. modrozelene cepljivke).
Druga vrsta avtotrofnih organizmov so KEMOAVTOTROFI (izkoriščajo energijo, ki se sprošča pri kemijskih reakcijah ‒ kemično energijo). Iz okolja sprejemajo anorganske snovi (npr.: amoniak, vodikov sulfit (H2S), metan), ki jih oksidirajo. Pri teh oksidacijah se sprošča energija, ki jo porabljajo za razgradnjo organskih molekul. To počnejo nekatere bakterije. Temu pridobivanju energije pravimo kemosinteza.
Ecosystems can be divided according to several criteria: in terms of energy, in terms of components, in terms of human impact; we distinguish between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Autotrophic organisms are divided into: PHOTOAVTOTROPHES (organisms that receive energy for the production of organic matter from the Sun). The process of energy production is called photosynthesis. Photoautotrophs thrive in all environments where there is enough light, water, and room to grow. Plants predominate on land, while in aquatic environments up to the limit where light penetrates, other organisms such as algae, some protists (e.g. euglena) and phototrophic bacteria (e.g. blue-green vaccines) predominate.
Another type of autotrophic organisms are KEMOAVTOTROFI (they use the energy released during chemical reactions - chemical energy). They receive inorganic substances from the environment (eg ammonia, hydrogen sulfite (H2S), methane), which oxidize them. These oxidations release the energy they use to break down organic molecules. Some bacteria do this. We call this energy production chemosynthesis.
Z vidika sestavin ločimo popolne in nepopolne ekosisteme. V popolnem ekosistemu so prisotne vse tri temeljne skupine organizmov: proizvajalci ‒ rastline, porabniki ‒ živali in razkrojevalci ‒ bakterije, glive. Za nepopolne ekosisteme velja, da v njih vsaj ena od treh temeljnih skupin organizmov manjka.
Z vidika vpliva človeka ločimo naravne, spremenjene in umetne ekosisteme. Naravni ekosistem je ekosistem, ki se razvija pod prevladujočim vplivom naravnih dejavnikov okolja. Vpliv človeka v njem je zmeren, sonaraven. Naravni ekosistemi so pragozd, sonaravni gozd, varovalni gozd, ohranjeni gozd, tropski deževni gozd, naravno jezero, morje in puščava.
From the point of view of ingredients, we distinguish between complete and imperfect ecosystems. In a complete ecosystem, all three basic groups of organisms are present: producers - plants, consumers - animals and decomposers - bacteria, fungi. Incomplete ecosystems are considered to be missing at least one of the three basic groups of organisms.
From the point of view of human impact, we distinguish between natural, modified and artificial ecosystems. A natural ecosystem is an ecosystem that develops under the predominant influence of natural environmental factors. The influence of man in him is moderate, sustainable. Natural ecosystems are rainforest, sustainable forest, protective forest, preserved forest, tropical rainforest, natural lake, sea and desert.
Spremenjeni ekosistem je ekosistem, v katerem je (pre)močno poudarjeno delovanje človeka, naravno ravnotežje pa neproblematično spremenjeno. Malodonosni gozd, gozdni rob, gozdna jasa, travnik, pašnik, mlaka in ribnik so primeri spremenjenih ekosistemov.
Umetni ali antropogeni ekosistem je bistveno spremenjen ali zamenjan naravni ekosistem kot posledica intenzivnih posegov človeka. Spremenjeno naravno ravnovesje je problematično, občutljivo, ranljivo, včasih povsem porušeno. Odzive narave (na spremembe v ekosistemu) človek dojema kot moteče, ker ogrožajo njegove kratkoročne interese (pridobivanje). Zato je človekovo poseganje v ekosistem pogosto usmerjeno drugače, kot to nakazujejo naravni procesi v njem. Prav potreba po pogostem in dragem posredovanju v umetnih ekosistemih je hkrati vzrok in pogoj za njihov obstanek. Umetni ekosistemi so npr. vse vrste nasadov, kot so gozdni nasad (monokultura), sadovnjak, vinograd, njiva, polje, vrt …
A changed ecosystem is an ecosystem in which human activity is (too) strongly emphasized, and the natural balance is unproblematically changed. Low-yield forests, forest edges, forest clearings, meadows, pastures, puddles and ponds are examples of altered ecosystems.
An artificial or anthropogenic ecosystem is a substantially altered or replaced natural ecosystem as a result of intensive human intervention. The altered natural balance is problematic, sensitive, vulnerable, sometimes completely disrupted. Nature's responses (to changes in the ecosystem) are perceived by humans as disruptive because they threaten his short-term interests (acquisition). Therefore, human intervention in the ecosystem is often directed differently than indicated by the natural processes in it. The need for frequent and expensive intervention in artificial ecosystems is both the cause and the condition for their survival. Artificial ecosystems are e.g. all types of plantations, such as forest plantation (monoculture), orchard, vineyard, field, field, garden…
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