Maślak zwyczajny (Suillus luteus) nadaje żółtej barwy koszykom grzybiarzy. Ceni się maślaka zwyczajnego jednak nie ze względu na wyrazisty kolor, lecz na walory smakowe i wspaniały, leśny aromat. Ten jadalny grzyb charakteryzuje okazały kapelusz i słabość do sosen. Maślaka zwyczajnego można bowiem spotkać wyłącznie w sąsiedztwie tych drzew. Na szczęście nie sposób ich pomylić z żadnym trującym okazem, dzięki czemu maślaki zwyczajne mogą zbierać nawet mniej wprawieni grzybiarze. Warto się po nie schylić, bowiem smakują doskonale zarówno w wersji duszonej, marynowanej, jak i smażonej.
Maślak zwyczajny (Suillus luteus), zwany borowikiem maślakiem, żółtakiem lub maślarzem, należy do rodziny maślakowatych i słynie ze swojego delikatnego smaku i pięknego aromatu. Szerokie zastosowanie kulinarne maślaka zwyczajnego sprawia, że jest on jednym z najczęściej poszukiwanych przez grzybiarzy skarbów. Podstawową zaletę tego grzyba stanowi jednak jego brak podobieństwa do jakiegokolwiek trującego gatunku. Pozostałe grzyby jadalne z rodziny maślakowatych to: maślak pstry (Suillus variegatus), maślak sitarz (Suillus bovinus), maślak ziarnisty (Suillus granulatus) i maślak żółty (Suillus grevillei). Co ciekawe, Europie występuje około 20 gatunków z rodzaju Suillus - z czego aż kilkanaście możemy znaleźć na terenie naszego kraju.
Młode maślaki zwyczajne mają okazałe szerokie kapelusze, które z czasem stają się poduszkowate. Ich wierzch jest pokryty lepką skórką i ma odcień brązowy, zaś sam spód przybiera charakterystyczną żółtą barwę. Hymenofor u młodych okazów jest pokryty jasną osłonką, którą łatwo oddzielić od wnętrza grzyba. Miąższ maślaka jest bardzo delikatny, soczysty o barwie białej, kremowej lub żółtej, w zależności od wieku grzyba. Jego smak jest niezwykle łagodny, a zapach przywodzi na myśl leśne runo. Z kolei trzon maślaka zwyczajnego zazwyczaj ma ok. 50 mm wysokości i niespełna 25 mm grubości. Wyróżnia go kolor kremowożółty, nieco ciemniejszy w dolnej części i jaśniejszy i szczytu. Nie od dziś wiadomo, że maślaki doskonale prezentują się w koszyku każdego zbieracza.
Maślaki zwyczajne rosną na ziemi w lasach iglastych, głównie sosnowych. Są dość powszechne, choć na wyższych terenach górskich stanowią rzadkość. Gatunek ten wchodzi w mikoryzę z wybranymi gatunkami drzew. Dzięki tej specyficznej formie współpracy grzyby i korzenie wymieniają między sobą życiodajne substancje. Maślak zwyczajny rośnie wyłącznie pod sosną, najczęściej w dość dużych skupiskach. Sezon na te grzyby, zwane sośniakami, trwa od maja aż do listopada.
Maślak zwyczajny, podobnie jak wiele innych grzybów jadalnych, ma niezwykle szerokie zastosowanie kulinarne. Zanim jednak zaczniemy przygotowywać posiłek, powinniśmy sośniaki dokładnie przebrać, tak, by w koszyku zostały jedynie młode i w pełni zdrowe okazy. Starannie wyselekcjonowane grzyby należy pozbawić trzonów, a następnie dokładnie umyć i osuszyć. Maślaki nadają się zarówno do duszenia, smażenia, marynowania, jak i gotowania.
Suillus luteus is a bolete fungus, and the type species of the genus Suillus. A common fungus native to Eurasia, from the British Isles to Korea, it has been introduced widely elsewhere, including North and South America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Commonly referred to as slippery jack or sticky bun in English-speaking countries, its names refer to the brown cap, which is characteristically slimy in wet conditions. The fungus, initially described as Boletus luteus by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, is now classified in a different family as well as genus. Suillus luteus is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms, and is commonly prepared and eaten in soups, stews or fried dishes. The slime coating, however, may cause indigestion if not removed before eating.
The fungus grows in coniferous forests in its native range, and pine plantations in countries where it has become naturalized. It forms symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue. The fungus produces spore-bearing fruit bodies, often in large numbers, above ground in summer and autumn. The fruit body cap often has a distinctive conical shape before flattening with age, reaching up to 13 cm (5 in) in diameter. Like other boletes, it has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than gills; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface is yellow, and covered by a membranous partial veil when young. The pale stipe, or stem, measures up to 10 cm (4 in) tall and 3 cm (1.2 in) thick and bears small dots near the top. Unlike most other boletes, it bears a distinctive membranous ring that is tinged brown to violet on the underside.
The slippery jack was one of the many species first described in 1753 by the "father of taxonomy" Carl Linnaeus, who, in the second volume of his Species Plantarum, gave it the name Boletus luteus. The specific epithet is the Latin adjective lūtěus, meaning "yellow". The fungus was reclassified as (and became the type species of) the genus Suillus by French naturalist Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1796. Suillus is an ancient term for fungi, and is derived from swine. In addition to the British Mycological Society approved name "slippery jack", other common names for this bolete include "pine boletus" and "sticky bun"—the latter referring to its resemblance to the pastry.
German naturalist August Batsch described Boletus volvatus (the specific epithet derived from the Latin volva, meaning "sheath", "covering" or "womb") alongside B. luteus in his 1783 work Elenchus Fungorum. Batsch placed both of these species, along with B. bovinus and the now obsolete names Boletus mutabilis and B. canus, in a grouping of similar boletes he called "subordo Suilli". Boletus volvatus is now considered a synonym of Suillus luteus. Several authors have placed the slippery jack in other genera: Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten classified it as Cricunopus luteus in 1881—the genus Cricinopus defined by yellow adnate tubes; Lucien Quélet classified it as Viscipellis luteus in 1886, and Ixocomus luteus in 1888; and Paul Christoph Hennings placed it in the section Cricinopus of the genus Boletopsis in 1900.
In works published before 1987, the slippery jack was written fully as Suillus luteus (L.:Fr.) Gray, as the description by Linnaeus had been name sanctioned in 1821 by the "father of mycology", Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries. The starting date for all the mycota had been set by general agreement as 1 January 1821, the date of Fries's work. Furthermore, as Roussel's description of Suillus predated this as well, the authority for the genus was assigned to British botanist Samuel Frederick Gray in the first volume of his 1821 work A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. The 1987 edition of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature changed the rules on the starting date and primary work for names of fungi, and names can now be considered valid as far back as 1 May 1753, the date of publication of Linnaeus's work. In 1986, a collection of fruit bodies from Sweden was designated as the neotype of Suillus luteus.
In their 1964 monograph on North American Suillus species, Alexander H. Smith and Harry Delbert Thiers classified S. luteus in the series Suilli of the section Suillus in genus Suillus. This group is characterized by the presence of either a ring on the stipe, a partial veil adhering to the cap margin, or a "false veil" not attached to the stipe but initially covering the tube cavity. Species closely related to Suillus luteus include S. pseudobrevipes (a sister species), S. brevipes and S. weaverae (formerly Fuscoboletinus weaverae). A genetic study of nucleotide DNA reinforced the species' monophyly and low genetic divergence, with material of S. luteus from the United Kingdom, Austria, Germany and North America forming a clade, in contrast with some other species, such as S. granulatus, which were shown to be polyphyletic.
Chemical analysis of pigments and chromogens showed that Suillus was more closely related to Gomphidius and Rhizopogon than to other boletes, and hence Suillus luteus and its allies were transferred from the Boletaceae to the newly circumscribed family Suillaceae in 1997. Molecular studies have reinforced how distantly related these fungi are from Boletus edulis and its allies.
The cap is chestnut, rusty, olive brown, or dark brown in color and generally 4–10 cm (rarely to 20 cm) in diameter at maturity. The cap has a distinctive conical shape, later flattening out. It is slimy to the touch, bare, smooth, and glossy even when dry, and the cuticle is easily peeled off. The tiny, circular pores of the tubes are initially yellow but turn olive to dark yellow with maturity. Like the skin of the cap, they can be readily peeled away from the flesh.
Tubes comprising the hymenophore on the underside of the cap are 3–7 mm (0.1–0.3 in) deep, with an attachment to the stipe ranging from adnate to somewhat decurrent. The pores are tiny, numbering 3 per mm in young specimens and 1–2 per mm in maturity. The stipe is 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) tall and 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) wide. It is pale yellow and more or less cylindrical but may bear a swollen base. A membranous partial veil initially links the stipe with the edge of the cap. When it ruptures, it forms a membranous, hanging ring. The top side of the ring is whitish, while the underside is characteristically dark brown to violet. This species is one of the few members of the genus Suillus that have such a ring. Above the ring, the stipe features glandular dots—minute clumps of pigmented cells. Below the ring, the stipe is dingy white, sometimes streaked with brownish slime. In humid conditions, the ring has a gelatinous texture.white flesh of the entire fungus does not discolour when damaged, and is soft—particularly in mature specimens. It has a "pleasant" taste and lacks any distinctive odour.
The spore print is ochre or clay coloured, the elongated elliptical spores measuring 7–10 by 3–3.5 μm. Basidia (spore-producing cells) are four spored, with dimensions of 14–18 by 4–5 μm. Cystidia are present on both the tube faces (pleurocystidia) and edges (cheilocystidia), either scattered or, more rarely, as bundles. They measure 20–35 by 5–7 μm and have a narrow club shape. Clamp connections are not present in the hyphae of S. luteus.
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Maślak zwyczajny (Suillus luteus) 5