O razvoju človeštva pred pisano besedo govorijo arheološke najdbe. Spodnja kost je iz Afrike in je stara okrog 37000 let.
Kot ae lahko opazi, zareze na njej niso naključne, saj so delo človeških rok. Kaj točno so predstavljale, se lahko le ugiba. Vendar se lahko s precejšnjo gotovostjo trdi, da si je nekdo označil neko število, na primer koliko zajcev je ulovil.
Čez nekaj tisočletij so zapisovanje števila predmetov, ki jih imajo, še izpopolnili. Vrezovanje črtic je namreč precej zamudno, če si želimo zapisati na primer, da imamo 100 kamiličnih cvetov.
Ideja o mestnem zapisovanju števil je že zelo stara. Tak zapis so uporabljali Babilonci kar dva tisoč let pr. n. št., čeprav njihov zapis še ni bil idealen, saj je bilo potrebno kar precej računati, preden so se lahko razbrali njihovi zapisi. Tudi kitajski zapis uporablja mestni zapis vrednosti, ki je nastal v prvem stoletju pr. n. št. Oba zapisa imata isto slabost: enomestnih števil ni mogoče neodvisno predstavljati; na primer število dve nima posebne števke, ampak se zapiše s ponovitvijo števke za število 1.
To slabost so odpravili Indijci v 5. stoletju n. št. Začeli so uporabljati ničlo in našli idealen zapis: uporabili so mestni zapis vrednosti in desetiški sistem. Izbrali so si deset števk (0, 1, 2, ..., 9) in vsaka števka je imela v zapisu določen pomen glede na mesto, na katerem je bila zapisana. Končno je bilo možno na prvi pogled oceniti, katero število je večje. Število z daljšim zapisom je večje od tistega s krajšim zapisom. Prvi so uporabili ničlo – če enic, desetic, stotic in tako naprej ni, je na njihovem mestu ničla. Arabci so se na svojih pohodih srečali z indijskim zapisom števil in takoj videli njegovo uporabnost. Uporabili so svoje števke in zapis prenesli tudi v Evropo. Evropejci so bili bolj zadržani in so vse do 13. stoletja uporabljali rimske številke. Danes seveda uporabljamo arabske številke (tako se imenujejo, ker so jih k nam prinesli Arabci). Zapis je tako idealen, da se že težko loči, kaj je število in kaj številka.
Archeological finds speak about the development of humanity before the written word. The lower bone is from Africa and is around 37,000 years old.
As you can see, the cuts on it are not random, they are the work of human hands. What exactly they represented can only be guessed at. However, it can be said with considerable certainty that someone has ticked off a number, such as how many rabbits they have caught.
After a few thousand years, they perfected recording the number of objects they had. Cutting lines is rather time-consuming if we want to write down, for example, that we have 100 chamomile flowers.
The idea of urban notation of numbers is very old. We can see that this type of writing was already used by the Babylonians as early as two thousand years BC. n. no., although their record was not yet ideal, as quite a lot of calculation was required before their records could be deciphered. The Chinese notation also uses the city notation of value, which was created in the first century BC. n. no. Both notations share the same weakness: single-digit numbers cannot be represented independently; for example, the number two has no special digit, but is written by repeating the digit for the number 1.
This weakness was eliminated by the Indians in the 5th century AD. no. They started using zero and found an ideal notation: they used the city notation of values and the decimal system. They chose ten digits (0, 1, 2, ..., 9) and each digit had a certain meaning in the record based on the place it was written. Finally, it was possible to judge at a glance which number is larger. The number with the longer notation is greater than the one with the shorter notation. They were the first to use the zero - if there are no ones, tens, hundreds and so on, there is a zero in their place. The Arabs encountered the Indian notation of numbers on their travels and immediately saw its utility. They used their digits and transferred the record to Europe as well. Europeans were more reserved and used Roman numerals until the 13th century. Today, of course, we use Arabic numerals (so called because they were brought to us by the Arabs). The notation is so ideal that it is difficult to distinguish what is a number and what is a number.
Rešiti morate naslednjo nalogo/You have to solve the following task:
A: 0 0 1 4 5 8 2 12 7 23 6 8 35 14 42 56 3 27 62 0 33 78 ...
B: 1 0 25 10 32 7 22 14 18 27 22 9 15 40 33 48 9 52 77 ...
C: 0 2 22 8 35 42 9 54 4 26 70 5 84 36 59 37 86 52 99 ...
Č: 0 5 13 45 34 6 77 54 98 4 174 110 345 546 756 9 851 ...
D: 3 21 10 8 23 15 28 5 6 37 79 92 8 106 33 9 125 85 6 158 ...
E: 0 15 2 36 42 5 1 24 58 0 69 13 90 101 88 4 126 18 154 196 ...
45 49.ABC 15 12.ČDE
S sabo imejte pisalo. Have a pen with you.
You can validate your puzzle solution with certitude.