Clay Quarry Fury Watery #Mudflow #Clay
Logging tasks 登錄任務
Observe Joints at posted coordination. Obseve Illite, Kaolin and quartz arenite at the waypoint. 請在公布點觀察節理，在參照點觀察伊萊石、高嶺石、與石英砂岩。
1. Touch the soil on the ground or on the trail. Do you feel sandy or muddy? From the size of these grains, try to distinguish the clay minerals and quartz arenite. 請觸摸步道上或地面上的土壤。觸感為砂粒還是泥質？根據土壤顆粒大小，試著區辨黏土礦物與石英砂粒。
2. Find the joints and observe these cracks. Predict if there will be mudflow in the future? Explain your answer. 請找到岩石節理，並觀察這些裂縫。試著預測看看未來會否再發生土石流？請解釋你的答案。
3. Do you think that the clay influences the potential mudflow or not? Explain your thoughts. 你認為黏土會不會影響土石流發生與否的風險？解釋你的想法。
4. Photo the potential spot on the trail where there is a greater risk of mudflow. The photo contained the potential spot with you, your identifying item, or your GPS devices. 在這條步道上尋找可能會發生土石流的潛在地點，跟這個潛在地點拍照，照片內容包含地點與你、你的代表物、或你的GPS裝置。
地質寶提供學習機會，透過觀察公布點、閱讀地質寶頁面、搜索/腦力激盪登錄任務的答案，讓尋寶玩家瞭解發生在地球上的地質現象。你不需要等待許可，請直接線上登錄這個地質寶，並將推測的答案寄到Geocaching.com的信箱。記得，沒有答案的線上登錄會依地理尋寶守則刪除。除了登錄任務4，請不要在線上log中公佈你的答案，感謝。歡迎給予FP！Earthcache nowadays provides learning opportunities about geology on earth by observing the posted coordinaiton, reading the listing page, and searching/brainstorming the answers to task. You don't need waiting the approval. Log this cache "Found it" and send me your suggested answers either via my profile, or via geocaching.com (Message Center) messaging. Remember, log without answers will be deleted by the geocaching guideline. Please, do not post your suggesting answers in the log except logging task 4. Favorite points appreciated.
This earthcache was collaborated with GeoPandaNL, Incredible_Kidd, hamuphoebe, JoyChang, dirtybrando on the 2023 maker magic event. Special thanks to the brainstorming of logging tasks.
介紹 貴子坑水土保持教育園區於1994年建制設立，貴子坑過去曾經是過度開採的黏土礦坑，1977年颱風後發生嚴重土石流，禁止開採黏土礦後，水土保持教育園區才因此規劃設立。
獨特性 貴子坑岩壁露頭有褶曲的地層，石英砂岩中還含有獨特黏土礦物：高嶺石、伊萊石。
地質知識 1 ： 土石流
土石流係指泥、砂、礫及巨石等物質與水之混合物，受重力作用所產生之快速移動的流動體。這是一種強力形式的侵蝕作用，如果在人類生活區域發生會造成嚴重災害。
發生土石流有三個條件：鬆散的堆積物(堆積物的顆粒大小)、充分的含水量、足夠的坡度。 當大量的雨水、融雪、或高含量地下水流過破碎岩層時，可能會移動土壤、岩層中的堆積物，進而持續發展為土石流，高含水量也會增加發展為土石流的風險。相比於鬆散堆積物或岩塊，細顆粒的堆積物就可被較淺的水流移動，持續移動也有發展為土石流風險。
地質知識 2 ：褶曲與岩層中的節理
褶曲是原先平坦的岩層經過強力變形力量而發生彎曲，褶曲的發生取決於深層地底的壓力與溫度。
五指山層屬於更新世，形成於3000百萬至2300百萬年前，是台北盆地中發現的最古老岩層，最主要的岩石組成為砂岩沈積岩。
在地質寶點的懸崖為五指山層露頭，可觀察到不同地層與褶曲的五指山層，由上到下分別為凝灰角礫岩、煤層與石英砂岩互層、褶曲的石英砂岩。
五指山層隨造山運動抬升後終露出。抬升過程中，因上層岩石的壓力與溫度下降，岩石破裂開來，這些破裂面稱為節理。在此處懸崖也可觀察到明顯的岩石節理、或是破碎的岩石。
地質知識 3 ：陶土/黏土
石英砂岩為砂岩中含有九成以上的石英粒。
黏土陶土為一種細質顆粒土壤，這些土壤中存在含鋁的細酸鹽類礦物。富含長石的岩石(如：花崗岩)在溫帶氣候中經歷酸性物質的風化後傾向形成高嶺石，相似的風化情境但為鹼性條件石則傾向形成伊萊石。高嶺石為白色，也是瓷土的主要成分。
貴子坑的黏土礦物很容易溶於水，這類黏土還有獨特的特性：可塑性，是一種硬性物質可忍受外力形變的程度。
石英砂岩與黏土的顆粒大小不同，石英砂岩的大小比高嶺石、伊萊石等黏土要大，透過機器進行黏土淘洗後，可以區分黏土礦中的細質黏土。
Intro Guizikeng Soil and Water Conservation Education Park was built and organized in 1994. Guizikeng was used to be a clay pit and an over-mining spot. There was a serious mudflow disaster after typhoon in 1977. The clay mining was forbidden and the education park was organized.
Uniqueness
Folded strata are shown in the outcrops at Guizikeng. Guizikeng has quartz arenite consisting of unique clay mineral, Kaolinite and Illite.
Geological Knowledge: Mudflow
A mudflow is a form of mass wasting involving fast-moving flow of debris and dirt that has become liquified by the addition of water. This is an extensive form of erosion phenomenon and causes disaster when it happens at the human living area.
There are three conditions relating to triggering a mudflow: coarse sediment(grain size), water content, and steep slope. Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or high levels of groundwater flowing through cracked bedrock may trigger a movement of soil or sediments in landslides that continue as mudflows. Higher water content increases the potential to initiate a mudflow. Fine grained material can be moved with shallower flow than coarse sediment. Ongoing movement may also increase the potential risk of mudflow.
Geological Knowledge: Fold and Joints in Strata
A fold is the originally flat horizontal strata that are curved during permanent deformation. Fold form varied depending on stress and gradient temperature under deep ground.
Wuchihshan Formation is the oldest layer of strata discovered in Taipei Basin, and it belongs to the Oligocene. And it was formed at 30 MA to 23 MA before. The main rock type in this layer is sedimentary rock, sandstone.
At the posted coordination, the folded strata can be observed on the outcrops of the mountain cliff. The strata from top to down are distributed as tuff breccia, peat and quartz arenite over-lapping, folded quartz arenite.
Wushihshan Formation was uplifted and finally exposed. While uplifting, the rock mass ruptured due to the decrease in temperature and pressure. The fracture is called the joint plane. Joints or cracks of rocks are also obvious on the cliff here.
Geological Knowledge: Pottery/clay
A quartz arenite is a sandstone composed of greater than 90% detrital quartz.
Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals, which are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates. Acid weathering of feldspar-rich rock, such as granite, in warm climates tends to produce kaolin. Weathering of the same kind of rock under alkaline conditions produces illite. Kaolin is the color of white and is the main ingredient of porcelain.
Clay minerals at Guizikeng are easily bonded to water. They have a unique characteristic of plasticity, which is the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation.
The size of grains are different among quartz arenite and clays. Quartz arenite is bigger than clays, like kaolin and illite. Through the attrition by clay washing machine, it can be distinguished among the aggregates of the clay mine.