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This series highlights Canada's stunning parks and sites that protect the environment and showcases the various historic aspects of our country. Parks Canada protects and administers 37 national parks, 10 national park reserves, 171 (out of 1004) national historic sites, 5 national marine conservation areas, and one national urban park (as of 2023).
The Forks at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine rivers (Winnipeg, Manitoba) was designated a national historic site in 1989 to protect and commemorate it as a gathering place for 6000 years. (The Assiniboine River has followed its modern course for about 700 years. It formerly met the Red River near the present-day mouth of the La Salle River.)
As early as 4000 BCE, this was a traditional indigenous peoples' stopping place. The Anishinaabe (Ojibwa), Cree, Dakota and Nakoda camped in this area to gather provisions and trade between the groups. The Forks was a rest stop on seasonal migration routes from northern forests to southern plains and a key transcontinental trade link.
Between 1734 and 1760, the arrival of European fur traders changed life forever for First Nations peoples. The Assiniboine people became fur trade middlemen between other First Nations peoples and Europeans. From The Forks, they used the rivers to carry on commerce with English and eventually French trading posts located hundreds of miles away.
Between 1760 and 1821, the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company competed fiercely for furs. Both fur trading companies used The Forks to store and ship supplies to trappers and furs to traders. By 1821 the two companies amalgamated into the Hudson's Bay Company. The fur trade saw voyageurs, traders and Indigenous peoples inter-marry. Their children became known as Métis-- a distinct cultural group that is an important part of Manitoba society today. But in the last half of the 19th century, the Métis of the Red River Settlement were increasingly concerned about the influx of settlers. Decades of discord and struggle began.
By the 20th century, settlers began to move to Western Canada and railways were built and large rail yards sprang up to transport people and the goods they needed for their new lives. Many of the buildings at The Forks date from that time. After Manitoba became part of Canada in 1870, immigration from Eastern Canada, Europe and the United States increased dramatically, promoted by claims of fertile abundant land. The city of Winnipeg, centred at the Forks, boomed and become the "Gateway to the Canadian West".
Archaeological excavations (of which the CO was a part of) (including public archaeology programs) occurred in 1984 and 1989-93. A collection of more than 190,000 artifacts were almost exclusively made from two locations where Fort Gibraltar I and II had once been situated. Parts of these areas are now occupied by the playground, and the north point interpretive node behind the Oodena Celebration Circle.
In what year did a flood destroy the original Fort Garry? (Refer to the Parks Canada website.)
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