A cache by wannabeout Message this owner

Hidden : 7/1/2023

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Terrain:

Size: Size: other (other)

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Geocache Description:

CONGRATULATIONS TO Skyecat on her FTF

Her answers were sent on the day she logged and therefore she claims FTF rights

Folds and Folding

Rock folds are found in various shapes and sizes on Earth. Folds, faults and joints are the main types of structural deformation in the Earth’s crustal rocks. Of these, folds often create the most spectacular geological scenes.

The term fold is used in geology when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation. Folding may be gentle or severe and the structures may be quite localised or span many miles. Folds in rocks vary in size from microscopic crinkles to mountain-sized folds. Folds form under varied conditions of stress, hydrostatic pressure, pore pressure (gaps between particles), and temperature gradient, as evidenced by their presence in soft sediments, the full spectrum of metamorphic rocks, and even as primary flow structures in some igneous rocks. In nature, folds are rarely produced by a single process but by a combination of processes.

Fold Geometry

Nomenclature of folds can also be confusing. Folds are generally classified according to the attitude of their axes and their appearance in cross sections perpendicular to the trend of the fold. The axial plane of a fold is the plane or surface that divides the fold as symmetrically as possible. An axis of a fold is the intersection of the axial plane with one of the strata of which the fold is composed. The angle of inclination of the axis, as measured from the horizontal, is called the plunge. The portions of the fold between adjacent axes form the flanks, limbs, or slopes of a fold.

There are numerous types and shapes of folds, but most can be classified into three basic types:

Anticline: two inclined limbs dipping away from each other or a fold that is convex upward
Syncline: two inclined limbs dipping towards each other.or a fold that is concave upward.
Monocline: folds consisting of two horizontal (or nearly so) limbs connected by a shorter inclined limb

For each rock layer in a folded structure we can represent a hinge. The axial plane connects all the hinge lines in a folded stack. The attitude (orientation) of an axial surface is measured by its strike and dip (inclination). According to axial plane dips, a fold may be upright (dips of 90–80°), inclined (80–10°) or recumbent (10–0°).

According to the degree of folding of the layers, folds can be classified into five main types:

Symmetrical / Simple: two limbs are of equal steepness, the axial plane is vertical
Asymmetrical: one limb is steeper than the other, the axial plane is inclined
Overfold or Overturned: one limb is pushed over the other, the axial plane is inclined and the limbs dip (slope) in the same direction
Recumbent: two limbs are nearly parallel, the axial plane iis almost horizontal
Overthrust: compressional force is so great it casues rebumbant fold to fractire and the upper fold of the recumbant fold is thrust forward along the plane of fracture, axial planes dip toward the effective stress or toward the force producing them

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