
This Earthcache takes you to the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.ย From here you will have a fantastic view of the Old Town of The Holy City. I can recommend to visit this place for sunset or sunrise. The view is just amazing!ย After studying the listing, you will hopefully be able to understand how the Mount of Olives was formed.ย
Mount of Olives
The Mount of Olives or Mount Olivet is a mountainย East of Jerusalem's Old Town.ย Together with Mount Scopus and the Mount of Corruption the it forms a mountain ridge that is part of the Judean Mountains. All together, they have been formed as a fault zone by the drifting of tectonic platesย which is the topic of this Earthcache.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that the Earth's outermost rocky layer consists of several rocky plates that move or "drift" slowly since about 3.4 billion years ago. This outermost rocky layer of the Earth is called litosphere and consists of crust and upper mantle. The litosphere is broken into seven major plates and lots of smaller plates.
The major plates are:
- Eurasian Plate
- African Plate
- North American Plate
-ย South American Plate
- Australian Plate
- Pacific Plate
- Antarcticย Plate
Examples of smaller plates are:
- Nazca Plate
-ย Somali Plate
- Indian Plate
- Arabian Plateย

(Image source:ย Earth How)
As you can see on the map, you are in an area where the African Plate and the Arabian Plate meet and interact.
Plate boundaries
There are three different kinds of plate boundaries which are characterized by the way the plates move relatively to each other. On the surface different geological features can be observed for each of the three different plate boundaries.
1.ย Divergent boundaries:ย These are where two plates move away from each other. Melted rock comes up to the surface and forms new Earth crust which means new litosphere is created. Examples are the Red Sea or the Great Rift Valley in Africa.
2.ย Convergent boundaries:ย These are where two plates move towards each other and collide. There are two different types of convergent boundaries:
- Subduction zone: One plate is moving underneath another plate. If an oceanic and a continental plate collide, the more dense oceanic plate subducts underneath the less dense continental plate. Subduction can form huge ocean trenches, for example the Atacama Trench along the West Coast of South America.
- Collision zone: When two continental plates collide, both plates are pushed up because they have similiar density.The plate edges are compressed, folded and uplifted. Massive mountain ranges can be formed. Famous examples are the Himalaya or the Alps.
3. Transform boundaries: Two plates slide past each other. No litosphere is created or destroyed but instead a fault zoneย is formed. Most fault zones can be found in Oceanic crust. However, the fault zones on land are usually better known due to the high seismic activity in that area. An example is the San Andreas fault zone in California.
The part of the border between the African and Arabian plate where Israel is located isย considered to be a transform zone (Dead Sea Transform Zone). This is based on scientific observations of offset markers like river beds and can also be measured with GPS data.ย Both plates are moving in a general north-northeast direction. However, the Arabian plate is moving faster resulting in an observed left movement along the fault line. The Arabian plate is displaced northwards by around 105km. At the same time, The Arabian and African plate alsoย have a divergent boundary along the Red Sea Rift and the Arabian plate is colliding with the Eurasian plate.
Logging Tasks:
1. Which two tectonic platesย were (mainly) involved in the formation of the Mount of Olives?
2. With the help of the listing, please tell me what kind of plate boundary we have here.ย
3. At the posted coordinates, measure the elevation of mount of olives with your GPS or phone.
4. The formation of the Judean Mountains started about 80 million years ago. Let's consider that back then the elevation of this place was 0 meters (equal to sea level). If you use your answer from the previous question, how many millimeterย was this place uplifted on average per year?
5. Name at leastย one kind of rock that the Mount of Olives is made of.
6. Take a picture of yourself, your GPS or something that belongs to you at the posted coordinates. Bonus points if the Old Town of Jerusalem is visibleย the picture.
Please send me the answers to the questions via the Message Center. After thatย you can log your find immediately. I will try to answer you as soon as possible. :)
Enjoy your visit and enjoy the view!
Joskaranch
Sources:
-ย Judaean Mountains: Most Up-to-Date Encyclopedia, News & Reviews (academic-accelerator.com)
-ย Plate Tectonics (nationalgeographic.org)
-ย Plattentektonik โข Divergenz, Konvergenz ยท [mit Video] (studyflix.de)
7 Major Tectonic Plates: The World's Largest Plate Tectonics - Earth How
Home (weebly.com)
What are the different types of plate tectonic boundaries?: Exploration Facts: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research
Plate tectonics - Wikipedia
ย

ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืงื ืืืชื ืืืจ ืืืืชืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืชืืื ื ืื ืืฃ ืคื ืืกืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืขืชืืงื ืฉื ืขืืจ ืืงืืืฉ. ืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืืฅ โโืืืงืจ ืืืงืื ืืื ืืฉืงืืขื ืื ืืจืืื. ืื ืืฃ ืคืฉืื ืืืืื! ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื, ืชืงืืื ืฉืชืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆื ื ืืฆืจ ืืจ ืืืืชืื.
ืืจ ืืืืชืื
ืืจ ืืืืชืื ืื ืืจ ืืืืชืื ืืื ืืจ ืืืืจื ืืขืืจ ืืขืชืืงื ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืื ืขื ืืจ ืืฆืืคืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืื ืืืฆืจ ืจืืก ืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืจื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ื ืืฆืจื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืื ืกืืืคื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื.
ืืงืืื ืืงืช ืืืืืืช
ืืงืืื ืืงืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ืชืืืืจืื ืืืขืืช ืืคืื ืืฉืืื ืืกืืขืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืืจืืืช ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืช ืกืืขืืื ืฉื ืขืื ืื "ื ืกืืคืื" ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืคื ื ื-3.4 ืืืืืืจื ืฉื ืื. ืืฉืืื ืืกืืขืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ื ืงืจืืช ืืืืืกืคืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืงืจืื ืืืขืืคืช ืขืืืื ื. ืืืืืืกืคืืจื ืืืืืงืช ืืฉืืขื ืืืืืช ืขืืงืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืงืื ืื ืืืชืจ.
ืืืืืืช ืืขืืงืจืืื ืื:
-ืฆืืืช ืืืจื-ืืกืืืชืืช
-ืฆืืืช ืืคืจืืงืืืช
-ืฆืืืช ืฆืคืื ืืืจืืงื
- ืฆืืืช ืืจืื ืืืจืืงืืืช
-ืฆืืืช ืืืกืืจืืืช
- ืฆืืืช ืคืกืืคืืง
- ืืื ืืื ืืืจืงืื
ืืืืืืืช ืืฆืืืืช ืงืื ืืช ืืืชืจ ืื:
- ืฆืืืช ื ืกืงื
- ืฆืืืช ืกืืืืืช
-ืฆืืืช ืืืืืช
- ืฆืืืช ืขืจืืืช
ย

ืืคื ืฉืืชื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืคื, ืืชื ื ืืฆื ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืคืจืืงืื ืืืืื ืืขืจืื ื ืคืืฉืื ืืืงืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื.
ืืืืืืช ืฆืืืช
ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืกืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืฆืืืืช ืืืืืคืืื ืื ืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืืืช ื ืขืื ืืืกืืช ืื ืืื. ืขื ืคื ื ืืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืขืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืื ืื.
1.ย ืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืื:ย ืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืช ืืชืจืืงืื ืื ืืื. ืกืืข ื ืืก ืืืืข ืื ืคื ื ืืฉืื ืืืืฆืจ ืงืจืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืืฉ, ืืืืืจ ื ืืฆืจืช ืืืืืกืคืืจื ืืืฉื. ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืื ืกืืฃ ืื ืขืืง ืืืงืข ืืืืื ืืืคืจืืงื.
2.ย ืืืืืืช ืืชืื ืกืื:ย ืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืช ื ืขืื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืชื ืืฉืื. ืืฉื ื ืฉื ื ืกืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืชืื ืกืื:
ืืืืจ ืืืคืืชื: ืฆืืืช ืืืช ื ืขื ืืชืืช ืืืื ืืืจ. ืื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืก โโืืืื ืืืฉืชื ืืชื ืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืืงืืื ื ืืฆืคืืฃ ืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืฅ ืืชืืช ืืืื ืืืืฉืชื ืืคืืืช ืฆืคืืฃ. ืืืจืขื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืชืขืืืช ืืืงืืื ืืก โโืขื ืงืืืช, ืืืฉื ืชืขืืช ืืืงืื ืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืืืขืจืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืจืืงื.
ืืืืจ ืืชื ืืฉืืช: ืืืฉืจ ืฉื ื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืชืืื ืืชื ืืฉืื, ืฉื ื ืืืืืืช ื ืืืคืื ืืืคื ืืขืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฆืคืืคืืช ืืืื. ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืกืื, ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืจืืืช. ื ืืชื ืืืืืืฆืจ ืจืืกื ืืจืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืจืกืืืช ืื ืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืคืื.
3. ืืคืืืช ืืืืืืช: ืฉืชื ืฆืืืืช ืืืืืงืืช ืื ืขื ืคื ื ืื. ืื ื ืืฆืจืช ืื ื ืืจืกืช ืืืืืกืคืืจื ืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืจ. ื ืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืจืื ืืืืจื ืืฉืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืืืงืืื ืืก. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืืจื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืกืืืกืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืกื ืื ืืจืืก ืืงืืืคืืจื ืื.
ืืืง ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืคืจืืงืื ืืืขืจืื ืฉืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืฉืจืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืจื ืกืคืืจืืฆืื (ืืืืจ ืืจื ืกืคืืจืืฆืื ืืื ืืืื). ืื ืืืืกืก ืขื ืชืฆืคืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืกืื ื ืืืกื ืืื ืืคืืงื ื ืืจืืช ืื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืขื ื ืชืื ื GPS. ืฉื ื ืืืืืืช ื ืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฆืคืื-ืฆืคืื ืืืจื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืื ืืขืจืื ื ืข ืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืชืืฆืื ืืื ื ืฆืคืืช ืชื ืืขื ืฉืืืื ืืืืจื ืงื ืืฉืืจ. ืืืื ืืขืจืื ื ืขืงืจ ืฆืคืื ื ืื-105 ืง"ื. ืืืงืืื, ืืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืคืจืืงืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืจื ืืงืข ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืจืื ืืชื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืจื-ืืกืืืชื.
ืืฉืืืืช ืจืืฉืื:
1. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืืย ืืื ืืขืืจืืื (ืืขืืงืจ) ืืืืืืฆืจืืช ืืจ ืืืืชืื?
2. ืืขืืจืช ืืจืืฉืื, ืืืงืฉื ืชืืื ืื ืืืื ืกืื ืฉื ืืืื ืฆืืืช ืืฉ ืื ื ืืื.
3. ืืงืืืืจืืื ืืืช ืฉืคืืจืกืื, ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืจ ืืืืชืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ื-GPS ืื ืืืืคืื ืฉืื.
4. ืืืืืฆืจืืช ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ื-80 ืืืืืื ืฉื ื. ืืืื ื ืืงื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื 0 ืืืจ (ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืคื ื ืืื). ืื ืชืฉืชืืฉ ืืชืฉืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืงืืืืช, ืืื ืืืืืืืจืื ืืชืจืืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืฆืข ืืฉื ื?
5. ืฆืืื ื ืืคืืืช ืกืื ืืื ืฉื ืกืืข ืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืื ืืจ ืืืืชืื.
6. ืฆืื ืืช ืขืฆืื, ืืช ื-GPS ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืื ืฉืฉืืื ืื ืืงืืืืจืืื ืืืช ืฉืคืืจืกืื. ื ืงืืืืช ืืื ืืก ืื ืืขืืจ ืืขืชืืงื ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื ื ืจืืืช ืืชืืื ื.
ืชืื ื ืืืืืงืืจ ืฉืื ืืชืืื ื ืืื ืืฃ!
Joskaranch
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