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Leopold Okulicki was born in Bratucice into a peasant family. He began his education at a primary school and went on to attend a secondary school in Bochnia, where he became involved with the Riflemen’s Movement. He interrupted his studies to enlist in the Polish Legions at the age of seventeen. He fought, amongst other places, at Kostiuchnówka, and following the Oath Crisis he was conscripted into the Austrian army, from which he deserted. He became involved in the Polish Military Organisation, after which he joined the Polish Army. He took part in the defence of Lviv, and used his convalescence following his injuries to sit his school-leaving exams. He then saw action in the Polish-Bolshevik War, commanding an infantry company.
During the interwar period, he graduated from the War College and worked at the General Staff, where, as head of the ‘East’ Department, he oversaw the preparation of contingency plans in the event of a conflict with the USSR. In September 1939, he took part in the defence of Warsaw, and following the capital’s capitulation, he immediately became involved in establishing underground networks. He commanded the Łódź district of the Union of Armed Struggle. After the threat of his cover being blown, he was transferred to areas under Soviet occupation, where he was arrested by the NKVD in January 1941.
Imprisoned in Lubyanka, he regained his freedom following the signing of the Sikorski–Majski Agreement and took up the post of Chief of Staff in General Władysław Anders’s army. In the spring of 1944, he returned to the occupied country as a member of the Special Operations Executive. At the Home Army Headquarters, he took up the post of Chief of Operations and advocated for the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising. Before the uprising’s capitulation, the incumbent commander, General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, appointed him as his successor. Okulicki left the devastated capital alongside the evacuated civilian population, concealing his identity. He passed through the German transit camp Dulag 121 in Pruszków, where he was not recognised by the occupying forces. After successfully escaping from Pruszków, he set about rebuilding the centralised command and officially assumed the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Home Army at the new headquarters in Częstochowa. In January 1945, in the face of the advancing Red Army offensive, he issued an order to disband the formation, releasing his subordinates from their oath.
In March 1945, he was treacherously arrested by the Soviets in Pruszków, to which he had returned for alleged political talks, and from there he was taken to Moscow. At the trial of the sixteen, he was sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment. According to official Soviet documents, he died of a heart attack on 24 December 1946 in Lubyanka prison, and his place of burial remains unknown.
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