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The defense of Westerplatte was the first battle of World War II and one of the most recognizable engagements of the Polish Campaign of 1939. The fighting took place from September 1 to 7 at the Military Transit Depot on Westerplatte in the Free City of Gdańsk. The clash was significant primarily as the beginning of the German invasion of Poland and as an example of the prolonged resistance of a small garrison against a numerically superior enemy.
Conflict Background
The establishment of the Military Transit Depot on the Westerplatte peninsula was a direct consequence of a decision by the League of Nations, which granted Poland this territory for the transshipment of weapons and ammunition. The creation of a Polish exclave within the Free City of Gdańsk stemmed from the need to secure access to the port, which had been blocked by German dockworkers during an earlier conflict with the Bolsheviks. The Third Reich’s growing expansionist ambitions led to the decision in 1939 to eliminate the outpost by military means.
Force Preparation
On September 1, 1939, the Polish garrison, under the command of Major Henryk Sucharski and his deputy, Captain Franciszek Dąbrowski, numbered 201 soldiers and 7 civilians. The defenders secretly erected five concrete guard posts, barracks, and a network of field outposts. Their arsenal consisted of rifles, about forty machine guns, two anti-tank guns, a 75-mm field gun, and four mortars. The Germans deployed the battleship “Schleswig-Holstein,” equipped with 280-mm guns, a Kriegsmarine assault company, police and SS units, as well as the air force, against them.
Battle Progress
The attack began on September 1 at 4:48 a.m. with an artillery barrage from the battleship, which destroyed the railroad gate. Polish rifles and the field gun effectively repelled the first infantry assault on the “Prom” outpost. Subsequent land assaults also collapsed under the defenders’ fire, prompting the Germans to launch a massive air raid with 47 Ju 87 bombers on September 2. The bombs destroyed Guardhouse No. 5. In the days that followed, the German command suspended attacks from the sea and attempted to burn down the forest using benzene-filled tank cars rolled in along the railroad tracks, but Polish artillery fire prevented this maneuver from being carried out. On September 7, German artillery destroyed Guardhouse No. 2.
Battle Aftermath
Due to depleted supplies, a lack of water, the presence of several dozen wounded soldiers, and the fact that the defenders could no longer count on reinforcements, Major Sucharski decided to surrender, which took place on September 7 at 10:15 a.m. Fifteen Polish soldiers were killed during the seven days of fighting. In recognition of the defenders’ courage, the German command allowed Major Sucharski to keep his saber while in captivity.
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