> How can depression arise? <
Minor cavities or depressions can also be created by the vaporization of groundwater upon contact with hot lava. In such cases, gas bubbles may form, manifesting on the surface of a lava flow either as small swellings or depressions, or through the construction of small cones of scoriaceous lava. When cooling occurs very rapidly, these bubbles may fail to reach the surface, instead forming internal cavities.

A. Blisters are rounded, raised features that form on the surface of a lava flow. They can result from groundwater vaporizing upon contact with hot lava. Steam and gases that accumulate beneath the lava crust exert pressure, lifting the crust and creating these deformations. When gas bubbles remain trapped beneath the surface, they can also form internal cavities.
B. Small cones of scoriaceous lava form when gases and water vapor escape under pressure through a lava flow, ejecting lava fragments around the point of emission. These fragments, known as scoria, gradually accumulate to build a small, cone-shaped landform. The resulting rock is typically porous, dark, and irregular.