THE DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE
Action of Second Continental Congress, July
4, 1776
The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen
United States of America
WHEN in the Course of human
Events,
it becomes necessary for one People to
dissolve the Political Bands which have connected them with
another, and to assume among the Powers of the Earth, the separate
and equal Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God
entitle them, a decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind requires
that they should declare the causes which impel them to the
Separation.
WE hold these Truths to be
self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed
by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these
are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness -- That to secure
these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their
just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any
Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the
Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and
organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most
likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will
dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for
light and transient Causes; and accordingly all Experience hath
shewn, that Mankind are more disposed to suffer, while Evils are
sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the Forms to
which they are accustomed. But when a long Train of Abuses and
Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a Design
to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their Right, it is
their Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards
for their future Security. Such has been the patient Sufferance of
these Colonies; and such is now the Necessity which constrains them
to alter their former Systems of Government. The History of the
present King of Great- Britain is a History of repeated Injuries
and Usurpations, all having in direct Object the Establishment of
an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be
submitted to a candid World.
HE has refused his Assent to Laws,
the most wholesome and necessary for the public Good.
HE has forbidden his Governors to
pass Laws of immediate and pressing Importance, unless suspended in
their Operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so
suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
HE has refused to pass other Laws
for the Accommodation of large Districts of People, unless those
People would relinquish the Right of Representation in the
Legislature, a Right inestimable to them, and formidable to Tyrants
only.
HE has called together Legislative
Bodies at Places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the
Depository of their public Records, for the sole Purpose of
fatiguing them into Compliance with his Measures.
HE has dissolved Representative
Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly Firmness his Invasions
on the Rights of the People.
HE has refused for a long Time,
after such Dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the
Legislative Powers, incapable of the Annihilation, have returned to
the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the
mean time exposed to all the Dangers of Invasion from without, and
the Convulsions within.
HE has endeavoured to prevent the
Population of these States; for that Purpose obstructing the Laws
for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to
encourage their Migrations hither, and raising the Conditions of
new Appropriations of Lands.
HE has obstructed the
Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for
establishing Judiciary Powers.
HE has made Judges dependent on his
Will alone, for the Tenure of their Offices, and the Amount and
Payment of their Salaries.
HE has erected a Multitude of new
Offices, and sent hither Swarms of Officers to harrass our People,
and eat out their Substance.
HE has kept among us, in Times of
Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our
Legislatures.
HE has affected to render the
Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power.
HE has combined with others to
subject us to a Jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and
unacknowledged by our Laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of
pretended Legislation:
FOR quartering large Bodies of
Armed Troops among us;
FOR protecting them, by a mock
Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on
the Inhabitants of these States:
FOR cutting off our Trade with all
Parts of the World:
FOR imposing Taxes on us without
our Consent:
FOR depriving us, in many Cases, of
the Benefits of Trial by Jury:
FOR transporting us beyond Seas to
be tried for pretended Offences:
FOR abolishing the free System of
English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an
arbitrary Government, and enlarging its Boundaries, so as to render
it at once an Example and fit Instrument for introducing the same
absolute Rules into these Colonies:
FOR taking away our Charters,
abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the
Forms of our Governments:
FOR suspending our own
Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with Power to
legislate for us in all Cases whatsoever.
HE has abdicated Government here,
by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against
us.
HE has plundered our Seas, ravaged
our Coasts, burnt our Towns, and destroyed the Lives of our
People.
HE is, at this Time, transporting
large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the Works of Death,
Desolation, and Tyranny, already begun with circumstances of
Cruelty and Perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous
Ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized
Nation.
HE has constrained our fellow
Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their
Country, to become the Executioners of their Friends and Brethren,
or to fall themselves by their Hands.
HE has excited domestic
Insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the
Inhabitants of our Frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose
known Rule of Warfare, is an undistinguished Destruction, of all
Ages, Sexes and Conditions.
IN every stage of these Oppressions
we have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble Terms: Our
repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated Injury. A
Prince, whose Character is thus marked by every act which may
define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the Ruler of a free
People.
NOR have we been wanting in
Attentions to our British Brethren. We have warned them from Time
to Time of Attempts by their Legislature to extend an unwarrantable
Jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the Circumstances of
our Emigration and Settlement here. We have appealed to their
native Justice and Magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the
Ties of our common Kindred to disavow these Usurpations, which,
would inevitably interrupt our Connections and Correspondence. They
too have been deaf to the Voice of Justice and of Consanguinity. We
must, therefore, acquiesce in the Necessity, which denounces our
Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of Mankind, Enemies
in War, in Peace, Friends.
WE, therefore, the Representatives
of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS, Assembled,
appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the Rectitude of
our Intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good
People of these Colonies, solemnly Publish and Declare, That these
United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT
STATES; that they are absolved from all Allegiance to the British
Crown, and that all political Connection between them and the State
of Great-Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as
FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full Power to levy War,
conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do
all other Acts and Things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do.
And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm Reliance on
the Protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each
other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.

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