> Les types d'altération <
A. Slab weathering: The surface of the tufa stone detaches in the form of a slab. This type of weathering appears in highly exposed areas, with alternating periods of rain followed by intense evaporation.
B. Sandy dissolution: Tufa is a carbonate rock; it is therefore particularly affected by the dissolution caused by leaching. Rainwater dissolves the limestone in the rock, with weathering being even more pronounced when the rain is acidic. The rock grains become dislodged by the dissolution of the calcite cement. Relief patterns on walls, sculptures, and protruding angles are thus gradually eroded. The surfaces of the stones are hollowed out, the tufa transforming into a powder of sand and mica. On heterogeneous rocks, dislodgement occurs preferentially in the most fragile areas: irregular hollowing then gives rise to cavities. This is referred to as alveolar weathering. This type of weathering is found in wetlands but sheltered from rapid changes in environmental conditions.
C. Salt Erosion – Rainwater and humidity seep into the stones, mobilizing the salts they contain. During the drying process, these salts migrate to the surface where their crystallization promotes the formation of flakes and a cracked surface.
D. Black Crusts – Urban and atmospheric pollution consists of ash, soot, dust, exhaust fumes, etc. These pollutants generate the deposition of sulfur dioxide on the surface of the stone. The calcium carbonates (calcite) in the tuffeau react chemically with this sulfur dioxide, water (rain, humidity), and air: this process is called sulfation. The calcite transforms into gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate), forming a black crust on the surface of the tuffeau stone. These crusts only develop on damp areas that are sheltered from erosion.
E. Biological Alterations – The surface of the stones promotes the storage and stagnation of moisture, thus creating the substrate necessary for the growth of grasses. Mosses and lichens develop, releasing oxalic and lactic acids into the stone, which cause the calcite in the tufa stone to dissolve. This type of alteration is favored in areas with sufficient exposure to light (sun, spotlights).
