The Clay Pit on Tafelbergheide
⚠️ Required to complete this EarthCache: a bottle of water (logging requirement 4).
⚠️ Points of attention for this nature reserve
- Access only between sunrise and sunset.
- Heathland is vulnerable. Stay on the existing hiking trails at all times.
- Always maintain a distance of 25 meters from free-roaming cattle.
- Dogs are allowed provided they are kept on a leash.
Introduction
At first glance, Tafelbergheide appears to be mainly a gently undulating heathland landscape. However, if you look carefully at the relief, you will notice striking depressions and pits. Some of these are the result of human extraction of natural resources. The larger pits on Tafelbergheide are known as clay pits.
These pits tell a fascinating story in which geology and human history come together.
Tafelbergheide is part of the Gooi glacial push ridge. This ridge formed during the penultimate ice age, the Saalian, about 150,000 years ago. At that time, the ice sheet reached central Netherlands and pushed up existing deposits in the subsurface. This created the characteristic hills and ridges of the Gooi region.
During the formation of the glacial push ridge, various older sand, gravel and clay-bearing deposits were pushed, tilted and displaced. As a result, some of these deposits came to lie locally at or close to the surface.
Later, some of these clay-bearing layers were excavated by the inhabitants of the Gooi. The resulting depressions can still be clearly recognised in the landscape today.
In this EarthCache, you will discover how glacial forces pushed up the subsurface of the Gooi and how this brought clay-bearing deposits to or close to the surface. You will then discover how people made use of this geological layer and thereby created the clay pits.
(Good to know: The current topography of the Tafelbergheide is the result of both natural geological processes and later human excavation. The highest point from which the area takes its name—the Tafelberg itself—was also shaped by human hands and has served as a landmark for centuries. From this point, you have a beautiful view of the area.)
The Gooi glacial push ridge
About 150,000 years ago, central Netherlands lay at the edge of the ice sheet during the Saalian.
The enormous masses of ice advanced from the north and pushed the subsurface ahead of them. Existing sediment layers were folded, tilted and pushed over one another. This created, among others, the glacial push ridges of the Gooi, the Utrechtse Heuvelrug and the Veluwe.
The subsurface of the Gooi glacial push ridge therefore does not consist of one horizontal layer. Various older deposits are stacked and pushed here at an angle.
Tafelbergheide mainly consists of sandy and gravel-rich deposits, but locally clay-bearing layers occur close to the surface.
The clay-bearing deposits exposed in the clay pits are therefore part of the glacially pushed subsurface.
Research at an exposure on Tafelbergheide found very loamy, very fine sand that is not interpreted as a remnant of glacial till. In combination with the elongated shape of the excavation and the location of other pits, this is considered an indication of an exposed package of river clay that forms part of the glacially pushed subsurface.
The ice age therefore mainly played an important role in displacing and pushing up existing deposits.
From geological layer to clay pit
When clay-bearing deposits locally came close to the surface, the inhabitants of the Gooi discovered that this material was useful. Among other things, the clay was used to harden floors and roads.
The clay was extracted and transported away. Where material was excavated over a longer period, depressions developed in the landscape.
The larger pits on Tafelbergheide are therefore not natural valleys formed solely by flowing water. They are human excavations that made use of a naturally occurring clay-bearing layer in the glacially pushed subsurface.
The shape of some of the pits also provides clues about their origin. Geological research describes an elongated excavation on Tafelbergheide where the shape and position of several pits indicate that the excavators followed the existing glacially pushed layers.
You are therefore literally looking at a landscape in which people cut into a geological layer.
The clay pit differs from the surrounding heathland
The surrounding heathland consists largely of sandy, relatively nutrient-poor soil. Rainwater can infiltrate relatively easily into such sandy soil. Infiltration means that water enters the soil from the surface.
The finer, clay-bearing soil can have different properties from the surrounding sandy soil, including differences in water availability and the availability of nutrients. Together with differences in relief, position and microclimate, this can contribute to differences in vegetation. This does not mean that every clay pit is permanently wet or that there must always be standing water.
Species-rich dry grassland developed on the loamy sand in the pits and on piles of loamy sand, whereas the surrounding heathland was much poorer in species.
A special flora
The differences between the clay-bearing soil of the pits and the surrounding dry sandy soil can also be seen in the vegetation.
Botanical research in the area shows that since about 1950, many more plant taxa have been recorded in the clay pits and the sand excavation than in the surrounding dry heathland. The pits are known, among other things, for species such as common centaury, thyme and common cat's-foot.
This is not solely due to the presence of clay. Differences in moisture, soil conditions, slope orientation, slope angle and the amount of sunlight also play a role.
A clay pit therefore forms a kind of small landscape within the larger heathland: over short distances, conditions for plants can differ considerably.
Geology and cultural history in one landscape
The clay pit is therefore more than just a striking depression in the heathland. The formation of this landscape began during the ice age.
Saalian → ice sheet → pushing of the subsurface → clay-bearing layers at or near the surface
Much later, people arrived:
clay-bearing layer → extraction → excavation → clay pit
And subsequently the present-day nature developed:
different soil conditions → differences in soil and growing conditions → special flora
The clay pit is therefore a remarkable geological and cultural-historical relic. When you look around here, you are not merely seeing a pit in the heathland, but a visible trace of the interaction between the ice age, soil, people and nature.

****************Logging requirements****************
Answer the following questions and send your answers to me via the message centre. Please do not include the answers in your log!
You do not need to leave the existing paths to answer the questions. Please do not do so!
1: Look at the clay pit from the walking path. Describe the shape of the pit in relation to the surrounding heathland. Name at least two features of the shape of the pit or its immediate surroundings that, in your opinion, are consistent with human excavation rather than a natural valley formed by flowing water.
2: During which ice age did the Gooi glacial push ridge form, and how could an originally older deposit have been brought to or close to the surface here by the action of the ice sheet?
3: The soil in and around the clay pit is locally finer and more loamy than the surrounding sandy heathland. Explain how such a difference in soil composition can affect soil properties, for example water retention/regime and the availability of nutrients.
4: Perform a finger test on two soil samples: Take a small amount of soil material from the edge of the loam pit (you do not need to leave the path for this; near the fence, you can reach the dark soil). Moisten it slightly and rub it between your fingers. Describe your observations. Do the same with the light soil material from the walking path/heathland side. What do you feel and see, and what differences did you observe?
5: Compare the vegetation in or immediately around the clay pit with the dry heathland on the higher, sandy areas. Name one visible difference and give a possible explanation that takes differences in soil texture and clay content into account.
6: Take a photo of yourself, your GPS, or another personal item at the location. Add this photo to your log.
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<a href="https://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GCBXGW1_De_Leemkuil_op_de_Tafelbergheide"><img src="https://img.geocaching.com/cache/large/884b5da8-db32-4404-84bb-99365bd95cd1.jpg"></a>
Bronvermelding / Quellen / Source
• Goois Natuurreservaat – Tafelbergheide
Informatie over de geologische oorsprong van het landschap, de gestuwde bodem, het aan de oppervlakte komen van leem, de historische leemwinning en de bijzondere flora.
https://gnr.nl/gebieden/tafelbergheide/
• IVN – Een dwarsdoorsnede van het Gooi
Specifieke beschrijving van de Tafelbergheide en de leemkuilen, waaronder de gestuwde afzettingen, de historische leemwinning en het ontstaan van de langwerpige kuilen.
https://www.ivn.nl/app/uploads/sites/94/2025/09/27-dwarsdoorsnede-van-het-Gooi-V-2.pdf
• Geopark Heuvelrug – Onderbouwing Tafelberg, Crailo en leemkuil
Geologische achtergrondinformatie over de Tafelberg en de leemkuilen en de aardkundige ontwikkeling van het gebied.
https://www.geopark-heuvelrug.nl/onderbouwing-tafelberg-crailo-leemkuil/
• Farjon, A. – De botanische betekenis van enkele oude leemkuilen op de Blaricumer Heide en de Tafelbergheide in het Gooi
Botanische en ecologische informatie over de leemkuilen, de bodem en de bijzondere vegetatie. Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
https://repository.naturalis.nl/document/567241
• Natuurtijdschriften – historische informatie over de leemkuilen en het beheer ervan Achtergrondinformatie over de cultuurhistorische betekenis van de Gooise leemkuilen en de ontwikkeling en bescherming van de bijzondere flora.
https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/494602/DLN0882442476.pdf
• Geologie van Nederland – Landschapsvormende krachten Algemene achtergrondinformatie over de geologische processen die het Nederlandse landschap hebben gevormd.
https://www.geologievannederland.nl/publicaties/75.html
• Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel ErfgoedInformatie over Stuwwallengebied 't Gooi.
https://kennis.cultureelerfgoed.nl/index.php/Aardkundig_erfgoed/Stuwwallengebied_%27t_Gooi
• Provincie Noord-Holland – Aardkundige monumenten Algemene en regionale informatie over aardkundige waarden en landschapsvormen in Noord-Holland.
https://www.noord-holland.nl/bestanden/pdf/Brochure%20Aardkundige_Monumenten.pdf
• Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (AHN) Gebruikt voor het bekijken en interpreteren van het huidige reliëf van het gebied.
https://www.ahn.nl/ahn-viewer
• Geo - Fingerprobe Uitleg voor het uitvoeren van een eenvoudige vingerproef om de bodem te identificeren (logvereiste vraag 4)
https://www.geo.de/natur/fingerprobe--so-bestimmen-sie-die-bodenqualitaet-38155822.htmlhttps://www.ahn.nl/ahn-viewer
AI-vermelding
Bij het opstellen van deze EarthCache is gebruik gemaakt van AI-ondersteuning (Google Gemini AI en ChatGPT) voor:
• grammaticale controle en tekstredactie;
• het structureren van de tekst;
• vertalingen;
• het controleren en bespreken van de geologische uitleg.