1978 aasta aardega sai alguse uus ajaloo teemaline seeria. Nagu seeriatel kombeks on olnud, siis järgmise aarde võiks peita selle topsi esmaleidja. Kui seda soovi pole, siis jätke see FTF vahele või vähemalt palun logis sellest teada anda.
Nõuded:
-Järgmine peitja peidab järgmise aasta arvuga aarde kuu aja jooksul pärast aarde leidmist.
-Aastad liiguvad järjest ühe kaupa edasi. Aare võiks siis olla ise selle aastaga seotud kas siis teostuselt või asukoha poolest.
-Aardetüübile nõudeid ei ole.
-Esmaleiust ilma jäänud võivad alati peita seeriasse lisaks boonuseid.
[EST]
Rahvusvaheline kosmosejaam (inglise keeles International Space Station, lühend ISS) on modulaarne orbitaaljaam Maa-lähedasel orbiidil. Jaama esimesed moodulid viidi orbiidile 1998. aastal ja see on suurim Maa tehiskaaslane. Jaama on sageli Maalt näha ka palja silmaga. Jaam koosneb survestatud moodulitest, päikesepaneelidest ja teistest komponentidest. ISS-i osad viidi orbiidile Vene Protoni ja Sojuz kanderakettidega ning USA kosmosesüstikutega.
ISS on mikrogravitatsioonilise keskkonnaga uurimislabor, kus kosmonaudid teevad muu hulgas bioloogia-, keemia-, meditsiini-, psühholoogia- ja füüsikaalaseid katseid ning astronoomilisi ja meteoroloogilisi vaatlusi. Kosmosejaam annab ainulaadse võimaluse testida süsteeme, mida vajatakse võimalikel lendudel Kuule ja Marsile. ISSi orbiidi kõrgus on 330–435 km. Jaam vajub Maa ümber tiireldes madalamale ja see tähendab, et aeg-ajalt tuleb jaama kõrgust Zvezda mooduli või mõne kosmoselaeva mootoritega tõsta. Selle keskmine kiirus on 27 743,8 km/h ja see teeb ööpäevas 15,54 tiiru ümber Maa.
ISS on üheksas mehitatud kosmosejaam. Sellele eelnesid Nõukogude Liidu ja hiljem Venemaa Saljut ning Almaz jaamad ja Mir ning USA Skylab. Jaam on alates 2. novembrist 2000 olnud pidevalt mehitatud üle 15 aasta, mis on kõige kauem kestnud inimeste kohalolek kosmoses. Varasem kestusrekord kuulus 3644 päevaga Miri kosmonautidele. Jaama teenindavad kosmoselaevad Sojuz, Progress, H-II Transfer Vehicle, Dragon ja Cygnus, varem ka Automated Transfer Vehicle. Jaama on külastanud astronaudid, kosmonaudid ja kosmoseturistid 19 riigist.
Pärast USA Space Shuttle'i programmi lõppu 2011. aastal said Vene Sojuzidest ainsad kosmoselaevad, millega on võimalik transportida inimesi jaama ja sealt tagasi. SpaceX-i Dragon on samal ajal ainus kosmoselaev, millega saab jaamast varustust ja katsete tulemusi tagasi tuua.
Projektis osalevad NASA, Euroopa Kosmoseagentuur (ESA), Venemaa Kosmoseagentuur (RKA), Jaapani Kosmoseuurimise Agentuur (JAXA) ja Kanada Kosmoseagentuur (CSA). Iga agentuur haldab enda ehitatud osa. Jaam on jagatud kaheks sektsiooniks: Vene orbitaalsegmendiks ja USA orbitaalsegmendiks. Omandiõigust ja kasutamist reguleerivad valitsustevahelised kokkulepped. Vastavalt kokkuleppele säilitab Venemaa täieliku omandiõiguse Venemaa orbitaalsegmendile, teised jaama osad on aga ülejäänud lepingupartnerite vahel ära jagatud.
NASA sõnul on kosmosejaama eesmärgid kosmoseaparaatide tehnoloogiate arendamine ja katsetamine, meeskonnaliikmete tervise ja sooritusvõime tagamine kaugematel kosmoselendudel ning uurimislendudel tarvilike praktiliste kogemuste omandamine. Venemaa Kosmoseagentuur on eesmärgina sõnastanud "püsiva inimeste kohaloleku Maa-lähedasel orbiidil". Jaam tegutseb vähemalt 2030. aastani.
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163149
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808752
[ENG]
The Space Station was officially given approval by President Reagan and a budget approved by the US Congress in 1984. NASA Administrator James Beggs immediately set out to find international partners who would cooperate on the program. Canadians, Japanese and many nations of the European Space Agency began to participate in the program soon after.
The Station was designed between 1984 and 1993. Elements of the Station were in construction throughout the US, Canada, Japan, and Europe beginning in the late 1980s.
In 1993, as the Station was undergoing a redesign, the Russians were invited to participate.
Agreement was made to proceed in two phases. During the first phase, NASA Space Shuttles would carry astronauts and cosmonauts to the Russian Mir Orbital Station. The US would help to modify two Russian-built modules to house US and international experiments and to establish working processes between the participating nations. During Phase 2, led by the US and Russia, all of the participating nations would contribute elements and crewmembers to a new International Space Station (ISS).
Phase 1, called NASA-Mir, took place between 1995 and 1998. Eleven Space Shuttle launches went to Mir with the last ten docking to Mir and astronauts and cosmonauts transferring between the two vehicles. Two new Russian modules, Spektr and Priroda were launched, became part of Mir, and housed dozens of US payloads and seven US astronauts.
In Phase 2, the elements of the new ISS were launched beginning in 1998.
Five partner agencies, the Canadian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the State Space Corporation “Roscosmos”, operate the International Space Station, with each partner responsible for managing and controlling the hardware it provides. The station was designed from the outset to be interdependent and relies on contributions from across the partnership to function. The International Space Station (ISS) is the unique blend of unified and diversified goals among the world’s space agencies that will lead to improvements in life on Earth for all people of all nations. While the various space agency partners may emphasize different aspects of research to achieve their goals in the use of the ISS, they are unified in several important overarching goals. All of the agencies recognize the importance of leveraging the ISS as an education platform to encourage and motivate today’s youth to pursue careers in math, science, engineering, and technology (STEM): educating the children of today to be the leaders and space explorers of tomorrow. All the agencies are unified in their goals to apply knowledge gained through ISS research in human physiology, radiation, materials science, engineering, biology, fluid physics, and technology: enabling future space exploration missions.
Advancing our knowledge in the areas of human physiology, biology, and material and physical sciences and translating that knowledge to health, socioeconomic, and environmental benefits on
Earth is another common goal of the agencies: returning the knowledge gained in space research for the benefit of society.
The ISS program’s greatest accomplishment is as much a human achievement as a technological one. The global partnership of space agencies exemplifies meshing of cultural differences and political intricacies to plan, coordinate, provide, and operate the complex elements of the ISS. The program also brings together international flight crews and globally distributed launch, operations, training, engineering, communications networks, and scientific research communities.
Although the primary Mission Control centers are in the US and Russia, several ancillary control centers in Canada, Japan, and Europe also have a role in managing each nation’s elements and crew members.
The intended life span of ISS has been extended several times. Since several elements are now beyond their originally intended lifespans, analyses are conducted periodically to ensure the Station is safe for continued habitation and operation. Much of the Station is modular and so as parts and systems wear out, new parts are launched to replace or augment the original. The ISS will continue to be a working laboratory and outpost in orbit until at least 2030.
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