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I lost my dog recently and it's made the children so sad. I hope he's found soon, as he's a little smasher.

Dogs exist in a variety of shapes and sizes and many breeds have been developed as dogs have been selectively bred over the years to suit different purposes. However, essentially the dog is a hunting animal with strong predatory instincts. Drawings and paintings throughout the years show men hunting with dogs and dogs are still used today for hunting. Dogs are highly intelligent animals, capable of learning, and this characteristic has enabled them to become a valuable part of the community acting as hearing dogs for the deaf, guide dogs for the blind, herding dogs, etc.

The dog's highly developed sense of smell, whilst useful for hunting, has also been utilised by police forces and rescue organisations who use dogs to sniff out drugs and explosives, and to locate lost or injured people. However, although dogs have many "uses" their most common place in the human community is as a companion animal. Intelligent, eager to please, loyal, friendly, protective, playful and a need to belong to a "pack" means that the dog is a family member in many households today.

*** DISTANCE FROM START TO FINISH UNDER 0.2 MILES *** *** PART ONE IS AT THE LISTED CO-ORDS AND HOLDS THE CO-ORDS FOR PART 2 ***

Poor Towser :(

 

Want a Puppy?

 

As conscientious breeders, our primary concern is to try to produce dogs that are mentally and physically sound. But all our work and effort can be easily undone if the dog or puppy ends up in the wrong home, or the right home at the wrong time. Over the years we have developed a system for screening and educating prospective puppy purchasers on all of these areas. This section of our site will cover those areas that you will need to address in your decision- making process.

 

Am I Ready Emotionally?

If you read nothing else on this site please read this section. It could save you from making a decision that can hurt yourself, a friend or relative, and an innocent animal.

The purchase of a puppy is a very emotional one for many of us, sometimes conjuring up memories of our own childhoods. The emotional connection to your new arrival is almost immediate, especially with children. We will try to go over all those areas that you need to address and will include a special emphasis on dealing with children and the decision to get a new dog.

Don't buy on impulse!

This animal is going to be a part of your family for the next 10 to 20 years. Give that choice all the consideration it deserves.

It's very easy to fall in love with a warm, snugly, licky-faced puppy, especially when it is staring out at you with those big brown eyes from a cage in the pet shop. But unless you have considered all of the consequences of that decision you are already off on the wrong foot. The entire family or household should be consulted. And if you find yourself with one holdout that doesn't want to have to take care of a dog or puppy, respect that decision and don't force them, even if you choose to go ahead.

 

Don't buy pets as gifts

As breeders, we won't sell a puppy unless the person that will actually be responsible for the care of the animal has an active part in the final choice. We also feel that, with children, giving a living, breathing animal as a gift sends the wrong message about the value of life. A puppy is not like other toys that can be put aside and forgotten when the children are tired or want to go out and play.

Often you will find that people will purchase a puppy for a friend or relative for one of the following reasons. After each of those reasons we will describe our response to it.

 

1) That person recently lost a beloved pet.

While they may be lonely and miss having a dog around the house, that doesn't mean they are ready for a new dog. Everyone grieves differently and some may need months or even years before they are really ready to take on that responsibility again. When they are ready, they may want a different breed to avoid comparisons to their old dog. Some people, while grieving the loss of their beloved friend, may also welcome the freedom of not having to care for a pet. Also, with children, think about the message you're sending when a beloved family member dies and a couple of days or weeks later you're out getting a "replacement."

2) The puppy is a gift for a child. (We want them to learn how to be responsible.)

On a number of levels we, as both breeders and parents, are against giving dogs as gifts to children. We wholeheartedly believe that children can gain enormous benefits in terms of learning responsibility, compassion and empathy from helping to care for another living being. We are just against them being gifts. Dogs are thinking, feeling creatures with likes and dislikes that are strictly their own. What happens to the child if "their" puppy becomes more strongly attached to another member of the family? If there are several children in the family your idyllic picture can easily turn into all out war with the puppy caught in the middle. The dog should be looked at as part of the family. He does not belong to any one member.

Many parents also buy puppies for kids hoping it will teach them responsibility. Cleaning up accidents is a job that even most adults dislike. Expecting a child to do it willingly (for more than the first few days) is asking for trouble. Also, don't expect a child that has shown little or no responsibility in other areas to buckle down for the puppy.

Other things to consider are what will happen to the dog once the kids leave home to go to college or raise their own families and may not be in a position to care for the dog. With the dog having a life span of ten or more years this is something you need to think about even if your children are only six or seven years old. Also, what will happen to the puppy if after a few weeks or months or even a few years the child's interests in extra curricular activities keeps them away from home? Are the parents willing and able to care for the puppy or dog? And what happens if the puppy you purchase has a problem? An adult can reason that if a puppy has a problem they need to return it, but that can be heart breaking for a child. Not to mention that any number of children have worried themselves over whether their parents will "take them back" too if they get sick. If in writing this book we can stop one person from making a wrong decision then we have done our job.

Another important thing to consider when you bring a puppy into your home is that puppies chew and jump. Toys will get destroyed, as well as socks, shoes, hats, gloves or any item left within the puppy's reach. If you have small children, an exuberant puppy jumping up to kiss their faces could scare them silly. With either of these situations you could very easily find yourself in the position of having a child that dreads the sight of the dog. Plan ahead. Make sure the children know to pick up the toys when "Puppy" is around. Set up a "toy-free" area for your puppy to live in during the housebreaking period (which we believe to include learning not to chew). Make sure the puppy is confined to a small "child-free" area, unless it is supervised, until it learns how to behave around the children.

We, as breeders and parents, believe that it is the rare child that has the maturity and patience to completely assume the responsibility to properly train and care for a dog. But children can learn a great deal by helping to care for the family pet in a manner appropriate to their age. If the parents aren't both fully behind the decision and willing to help care for it, we won't sell them a puppy and they would be wise not to even consider buying one.

3) The puppy is a gift for my father/mother/friend/etc.

Before you buy someone a puppy, make sure that they really want it and are physically and financially able to care for it. Some people will daydream about getting a dog but when it gets down to it they aren't really ready. You would be doing a great disservice to everyone involved by not making sure they really want it. Because if they don't, you could be looking at another unwanted dog that will have to be euthanized at the pound while that same dog could have lived a happy and healthy life with a family that was really ready.

Please think about that decision before you buy. You don't want to add to the numbers of dogs ending up in the pound.

Special mention needs to be made regarding Christmas puppies. Let us assume, for the moment, that the puppy is to be a gift for the entire family and that the entire family has made the decision together. This is far enough removed from the usual idea of a gift as to be acceptable at just about any time of the year except Christmas. A puppy under the tree with a red bow around its neck may seem a fine image straight from Norman Rockwell but the reality is far different.

The puppy will be taken from the comfort and the familiarity of its litter and dropped into the chaos that is Christmas Eve. The puppy will be competing for attention with the newest and fanciest toys that the stores have to offer. The children will be flitting from toy to toy to puppy to toy. When the children are playing with their toys the puppy has no "off" switch. When the puppy's batteries run down it must be left alone to recharge.

The week between Christmas and New Year's is little better. There are parties to host and to attend, friends visiting and long trips to see relatives, all of which makes for a difficult transition to your home.

For an eight week old puppy, the transition from being part of a litter to being a member of your family comes right in the middle of one of their critical developmental stages. Many specialists in canine development call the period between eight and ten weeks the fear period because negative events can have a lasting impression. This is, however, also an ideal stage for the puppy to bond with its new family. You don't need to coddle the puppy but every thing that can be done to ease the transition should be done. So the idea of bringing a puppy into a new home in the midst of the holiday uproar goes against the best interests of the puppy's emotional development.

A far better idea is to arrange with the breeder to put a photograph of the puppy under the tree. The entire family can then go and pick out the bowls, collar, leash, crate, etc. The family can also prepare the home to receive its newest member. Then, after New Year's, after the toys are all broken and the parties a hazy memory, bring in the puppy.

 

Am I Ready Financially?

Most people are primarily concerned about the purchase price of the puppy. And while for some breeds or from some breeders this could be a formidable obstruction, with most puppies you should be more concerned about the cost of supplies and follow-up care. If you take the time to locate a responsible, caring breeder, you could also easily save your self considerable money and heartbreak in the long run over a "bargain" puppy from a puppy mill.

When you call breeders, ask what the average price for a good quality pet puppy of their breed is. Several words of warning here: the first question out of your mouth should not be how much a breeder charges for their puppies. For us at least, this question sends up all sorts of red flags as to the person's motives and reasons for buying the puppy. Secondly, beware of "breeders" that sell their puppies, especially the older ones (over 10 or 11 weeks ), or even young puppies unsold after the holidays, for ridiculously low prices compared to the normal for that area. These people's motives may be more financial, than really in the best interests of the puppy. It may be far easier for them to sell a puppy at a low price than have to feed and care for it until a good home comes along. This doesn't mean there aren't some responsible breeders who breed occasionally and don't charge a large fee, but you need to be cautious. Finally, if after exhausting your options for "responsible breeders," you find that you simply can't afford a puppy you might want to consider adopting or rescuing an older dog. Most breed clubs offer some sort of "Rescue" programs where the fee is usually nominal and mostly goes to cover the cost of spaying or neutering.

 In addition to the purchase price you should expect the following expenses:

 

 Veterinary bills:

 

Puppies:

Routine puppy shots -

DHLPP - At 8,12 &16 weeks. Parvo booster at 6 months

Rabies shot - Between 4 and 6 months

Lyme shots - Optional

 

Other routine puppy bills

Fecal exam for worms,

medication as necessary.

Heartworm pills.

Spaying/neutering

 

 

Adults:

Annual exams which should include all of the following:

Complete physical

Heartworm test

Fecal exam

DHLPP booster

Rabies and Lymes boosters as needed.

 Also remember that as our canine friends get older, they, like we humans, will need more visits to the doctor.

Check in your area for routine costs.

 

 Food:

This will vary depending on the breed, size, and activity level of the dog. Ask the breeder what brand they use and how much it costs them to feed an average adult of their breed.

 

Other:

Equipment - Crate (cage), bowls, leashes (preferably leather), collars, combs, brushes, nail clippers, scissors, chew toys.

Licenses - Check with your local town hall for costs in your area.

Replacement cost of chewed and soiled items if not using a crate.

Boarding fees if you like to take vacations which you can't bring the dog on. Again, these vary on the area in which you live and the size of the dog. Check in your area.

If you live in an apartment or condo, you may need to provide an additional security deposit in order to keep your pet.

 

Am I Ready Physically?

 

Housing

Do you rent? If you do, check your lease or with your landlord to see if pets are allowed and for any size restrictions. Don't buy the puppy or dog first and hope they don't find out or will change their minds because he's so cute. Please note that there is legislation pending to allow elderly people to keep pets in federally-funded housing.

If you live in a condo or in some housing developments, there may be some restrictions as to whether or not you can have a dog and, if you can have them, as to the size. Look into these things first. You do not want to be put in the position of having to choose between your dog and your home.

You should plan on some sort of secure area for your puppy to stay when it is outdoors unless it is on leash. We prefer fully fenced yards, especially when there are young children (that tend to forget to close doors). If you can't fence your entire yard a fenced pen can work well.

 

 

Am I physically able to meet my puppy's needs for feeding, walking, and companionship?

Puppies, especially very young ones, need to be fed and walked frequently. Is there someone to take care of this? If not, expect housebreaking to be a long, drawn-out process.

Dogs need a certain amount of daily company. Do you work long hours and then spend the evenings out partying? If so, you would be best off with a cat rather than a dog.

Does anyone in the family have allergies or problems with mobility that would limit their ability to keep or care for a puppy? If you or someone in your family has allergies, a dog isn't out of the question but your options are considerably more limited. If someone in your home has physical limitations, you will need to be very careful about choosing a breed where the adult dog will be able to adapt to their needs.

A responsible breeder is going to ask you about your lifestyle and the physical arrangements for the care of the puppy. It's to your advantage to have thought of these things before you talk to the breeders.

What Breed of Dog?

You will need to make a choice as to what breed or breeds you are interested in. Included in this is the choice between a mixed breed and a pure-bred dog. You will also need to decide between a puppy and an adult dog.

Probably one of the most important decisions you will have to make is whether you want a pure-bred dog or a mixed breed. Both choices have their advantages and disadvantages. We've outlined them below and will follow with more detailed discussions.

 

Mixed breeds

Advantages

Disadvantages

Readily available from pounds, shelters, etc.

Purchase price usually low or not an issue.

Usually make excellent pets.

 

Parents are typically not screened for hereditary health problems or temperament.

Accurately identifying "breed" types is difficult at best, especially in young animals. If adult size or allergies are a potential problem you must consider the possibility that your "Beagle mix" could grow up to weigh 70 pounds and have long wavy hair.

It can sometimes be difficult to meet the mixed breed's parent(s). Viewing the parents and other adult relatives is your best indicator of how your puppy would grow up to look and act.

 

 

Pure-Breds

Advantages

Disadvantages

Consistency. If you buy a Beagle, or a Golden Retriever, etc. you know what to expect from your adult dog. This applies to temperament and the physical appearance.

If you purchase your puppy from a responsible breeder, you get someone that stands behind the dogs they breed. The breeder is available to answer training questions, provide guidance and, if necessary, take the puppy back even when it is an adult.

If you are so inclined, any number of areas of competition or interest are available. These range from obedience to field work, conformation, search and rescue, lure coursing, protection training and innumerable other areas.

Initial purchase price can be very high, depending on the breed or breeder.

AKC papers do not guarantee quality. The quality comes from the care the breeder puts into planning a breeding program and in raising their dogs and puppies. Unscrupulous and uneducated breeders abound and it may take some work on your part to find a responsible breeder.

The incidence of some hereditary health problems may be higher in some breeds or blood lines within breeds. You will want to look for breeders that have done their best to minimize the risks.

Because of the "Bad Press" that pure-bred dogs have received in recent times I would like to cover the issue of health problems.

By definition a pure-bred dog has a more limited gene pool on which to draw than a mixed breed. It is this gene pool that makes a Golden Retriever a Golden and a Poodle a Poodle. This also provides the consistency of other traits including health and temperament. In theory, a mixed breed has an unlimited gene pool on which to draw. In reality, each individual has a limited gene pool, and is the result of all its ancestors. What this means is that, pure or mixed breed, if the dog's past relatives had health or temperament problems, their progeny will as well.

The average mixed breed comes from unknown parentage that has not been screened for hereditary problems from cancer to heart defects. A pure-bred puppy purchased from a responsible breeder comes from lines that have been screened for hereditary problems known to that breed. This doesn't eliminate the risk of hereditary problems but it does minimize them. However, bear in mind that the "average" mixed breed has an average risk of developing the same hereditary problems. Buying a mixed breed doesn't mean that they cannot and will not develop some hereditary health problems.

 

Finding the breed for you.

If you decide to go with a pure-bred dog you will need to decide what breed.

This is not as easy as it sounds. The breed you pick must fit into your lifestyle. Are you active people, always off walking, jogging, hiking in the country, etc., or are you more sedentary? Are you willing to make the commitment to the grooming needs of a long or full-coated breed or would a short-haired breed work better for you? Will you be able to live with some of the physical habits some breeds are known for, such as the drooling of the St. Bernard or the barking of the terriers? Will some of these traits create problems with your neighbors? Will you have a sense of humor about your Golden Retriever bringing a pair of your dirty underwear to the dinner table filled with guests?

We bring these issues up because in order to know which breed will fit into your lifestyle you are the only one who knows what you are and are not willing to accept. The pure-bred dog has a definite advantage in this regard, because if you go to a responsible breeder they will tell you about all of their breed's good and bad traits.

Many of these traits result from what the breed was originally bred to do. For example, Goldens were and are primarily hunting dogs. They were bred to have a strong retrieving instinct, as well as a soft mouth. As a result they tend to be very oral and always want something in their mouths. Tennis balls and bones are good, but if it smells like you, they're in heaven. Dirty socks and underwear seem to be particular favorites and we swear they hide them to bring out at the most embarrassing moment.

Some of the key points to consider in choosing a breed are:

  • Adult Size

  • Activity Level

  • Grooming Needs

  • Temperament

  • Allergies

  • Hair vs. Fur

 We suggest you do your homework before you even start talking to breeders. There are a number of good books you might be able to find at your local library which can help narrow down your search to the breed(s) best suited to you. One of our favorites is "The Right Dog for You" by Daniel F. Tortora and published by Simon & Shuster (ISBN 0-671-24221-0). Over the years, we have lent our copy out to so many friends and relatives, that it is starting to fall apart. This book lists a variety of traits from activity level to dominance or aggressive tendencies and then rates each breed on a scale of high to low. The book also has a series of questions that you'll need to answer to determine which traits would be best suited to your lifestyle.

 You can also find a copy of the AKC's "Complete Dog Book." This book lists the breed standard for each and contains a brief discussion of the background of each breed. The breed standard will tell you the approximate size of an adult. This way you'll know that adorable Great Dane puppy is actually going to grow up to be three or more feet tall (at the shoulders) and weigh over 100 pounds. From the background descriptions you can also gain insight into the breed's temperament. A breed that was bred to guard a palace is very likely to have a very dominant temperament and possibly aggressive tendencies as well.

 Another good place to look for pure-bred dogs is at a dog show. Be prepared to go early and spend the day. You should be able to see a number of breeds, as well as obedience competitions, and talk to a number of enthusiasts. Most "dog people" love to talk about their dogs. However, some may not be able to talk to you until after the judging of their breed is completed. They are not trying to be rude but they are engrossed in their reason for being at the show.

 If you see a dog whose physical features you particularly like, ask the person with the dog if they are the owner or breeder (some people hire professional handlers) and if they could spare a few minutes to talk to you either now, after judging or even another day and ask for one of their business cards. For some breeders/owners a show can be very hectic with last-minute grooming, exhibiting etc., so be prepared that even though you may want to talk now, they may not be able to even though they may want to. Remember, these people may have a fair amount of time and money invested in giving their best performance at the show. You wouldn't go up to an Olympic athlete moments before their event just to chat about their sport and expect their undivided attention. Show the same respect for the dog and handler. Both need to be focused on the job at hand. There is, however, no excuse for an exhibitor or spectator to be outright rude to someone who is asking about the dogs. If someone is rude to you, go to someone else and forget about their dogs even if you liked them the best. It's the breeder who is going to lose out in the long run and it behooves them to at least be gracious to the spectators.

 To find a show in your area, check the local papers or call the AKC. Depending on the time of year and the area in which you live, you may need to either wait some time for one that is close, or travel some distance to find one. The AKC (American Kennel Club) is located at 51 Madison Ave. New York, New York 10010. Their telephone number is (212) 696-8200. You can also find a link to the AKC's home page on our links page, as well as the show superintendents.

 Puppy or Adult?

The next question you need to ask yourself is whether you want to buy or adopt an adult dog or a puppy. Again, they both have their advantages and disadvantages.

 

Puppies

Puppies are cute, adorable and usually irresistible. They can be trained to be just the way you want them to be. They also chew, have accidents and cry. It can take many hours or even years before the dog is trained the way you want them to be, and then only if you put in the time and effort.

 

Adults

When you purchase or adopt (from a shelter or rescue group) an adult dog, the advantages and disadvantages are the flip sides of the same argument. You Know What You're Getting. You know how big the dog is, you know how long or short its hair is and, most importantly, you can get an idea about its temperament. If you're careful in your choices, you could end up with a loving, friendly dog that wound up in the shelter or breed rescue programs through no fault of it's own. You could also wind up with a dog that ended up in the shelter or rescue because of behavioral or temperament problems. Unfortunately, not all aggressive tendencies will be immediately obvious. Some have specific triggers which you may not find out about until weeks, months or even years later. Only you can decide whether you are willing to take the chance and have the time to devote to possibly correcting possible problem behaviors.

Another source of purebred adults is the breeders themselves. Occasionally, breeders will have to place an older puppy or adult dog because it doesn't work out in the show ring or in their breeding program for one reason or another. A responsible breeder will be honest with you as to why they are placing an older puppy or adult dog. If the dog has a medical condition, you should be told up front about it, be given copies of any medical test results and be given an opportunity to talk to your own vet about it before making a decision. Some conditions, like a mild dysplasia, will rarely have any detrimental effect on the dog's ability to be a loving, friendly companion but simply make the animal a poor choice to keep in a breeding program when you are trying to eliminate these problems. Other more serious conditions may or may not impact on the dog's ability to function in your lifestyle, or may seriously reduce the dog's expected lifespan. Again, only you can decide what risks you are willing to take.

Allergies

 Many people are subject to suffering from allergies to dogs. This does not necessarily rule out living with a dog but it does limit your choices. Most dogs are covered with fur and they may even have more than one kind if they are "double-coated." Some breeds of dogs have hair instead. The main difference between the two is that fur sheds, hair does not. Many people with dog allergies report having less or no reaction to dogs with hair. Therefore, you may want to investigate this possibility.

A number of the breeds fall into the category of "hair" and may be suitable for someone with allergies. The breeders will be able to tell you whether or not their breed might be suitable for your situation.

Also note that some people are more sensitive to puppy "dander" than to adult fur. So if you have a mild reaction to your new puppy, and you're willing, you might be able to wait it out, realizing that there is no way to tell for sure whether or not the condition will worsen. If ,however, there are children in the family, delaying the inevitable might only make things worse.

Be aware that taking a dog into a household with allergy problems always presents a risk. Make sure that you clearly understand the breeder's policy about taking the dog back if the problems become too much to handle. If the breeder cannot or will not take the puppy back, it may be better to keep looking. Also, you should be up-front with the breeder about the possibility of problems, if you're aware of them, at the outset. This will allow both you and the breeder to make informed choices about a particular dog or breed of dog.

Finding A Reputable Breeder 

Anyone can put two dogs together and can call themselves a breeder but that doesn’t make them reputable or responsible. Buying a dog is an important and long term commitment so you want to choose a breeder that has the best interests of the dog, their breed and you in mind. Reputable breeders usually don't advertise in the local classified newspaper ads, glitzty dog magazines, or on a poster taped to a wall in the Laundromat -- the places that the average person might look. Responsible breeders will not take orders for puppies over the internet. Most importantly, they will not sell in litter lots, and they will not sell to pet stores. And while some will say it's because the breeders are being elitist the real reason is quite simple. These venues encourage impulse buying. Impulse buying all too often leads to disappointment when the dog turns out to be just a dog, with a dog's needs, and a dog's means of communication. Pounds, shelters and rescue programs are full of dogs that were bought on impulse. Such a fate is not what a responsible breeder wants for the dogs he or she has helped bring into this world.

 

 

 

Defining a Responsible Breeder: What the Buyer should look for:

A responsible breeder is one who:

  • Is knowledgeable about his/her breed and breed standard;

  • Is active in the breed in some fashion, perhaps in the conformation ring, or in the performance aspect, such as obedience, agility, hunting, earthdog, schutzhund, ring sport, fly ball, etc;

  • Has done extensive genetic testing on the breeding stock used and is willing and able to discuss whatever faults his/her dogs have (and all dogs have them. No dog is perfect.);

  • The environment the dogs and puppies are kept in are open for your inspection and are kept sanitary;

  • At least the dam of the litter is on the premises and is available for your inspection, with pictures and information about how to contact the owner of the sire available to you;

  • Has provided proper medical care and nutrition to all his dogs and will provide you with medical records;

  • Can discuss the socialization of the puppies and can make recommendations for the continued socialization and training;

  • Will have a written contract and bill of sale; (For sample contracts go HERE.)

  • Will offer a health guarantee;

  • Will offer a genetic disease guarantee;

  • Will take back the dog at any time during the dog's life if you become unwilling or unable to care for it.

  • Will be available to you for advice during the life of the dog.

 

 

WHAT A BREEDER WILL LOOK FOR IN A BUYER:

This is a two way street. A responsible breeder is going to screen the buyer to ensure that the puppy they have worked so hard to breed and raise goes to a home that is going to love and care for the puppy as much as they would. They'll make sure that the buyer is aware of both the positive and negative attributes of their breed. To some, this screening process may seem intrusive, some will have you complete lengthy questionnaires. But when you are buying a puppy from a reputable breeder one is to a large degree becoming part of that breeder's extended family. Much like a godparent, the breeder will contact you from time to time as to how the puppy is progressing. And like a godparent, they will look forward to the buyer sending them pictures and keeping them appraised of the puppy’s progress. In other words when you buy a puppy from a responsible breeder you are as much buying a part of that breeder as you are a puppy. They come as a package deal.

But unlike a birth parent, when you purchase a dog you have the luxury of picking a breed that is right for you. There is much to be considered in choosing the right breed for yourself, and that will be covered in more detail in this article. A reputable breeder will be honest with you about the good and bad aspects of their breed. You need to be equally as honest, both with yourself and the breeder, as to your needs, expectations, and experience, as all of these will factor in the determination of not only what breed is right for you but choosing a puppy from within a litter.

So how do you, as a consumer, find these kinds of breeders?

They're out there. But it's going to take some work on your part to find them. Remember, they are not looking for the impulse purchase. Be prepared to make phone calls or to travel several hours to meet them.

Once you find a breeder with whom you are comfortable, you may have to wait months or longer for one of their puppies. Consider the time and money spent at this end an investment in your dog's future, because these are the people that are going to be as concerned about the puppy's future as you are.

 

DOG SHOWS & BREED CLUBS

A dog show is a great way to see representatives of the different breeds competing in conformation or performance classes, and it provides you with a means of meeting breeders and exhibitors. To find a dog show in your area you should first look in your local papers for notices in the papers by the clubs sponsoring such events. You can also go to this link:AKC's web site for a list of upcoming shows and competitions. Or go here for a list of the licensed show superintendents, some of whom have web sites which will give information on upcoming shows, including judging schedules and directions.

Most dog people would love to bend your ear telling you about their dogs but the dog show environment sometimes isn't conducive from the breeder’s standpoint for them to spend the time they need to get to know you. Shows can be hectic and nerve-wracking for exhibitors, and it probably would be a good idea not to waylay someone on their way into a ring. Be courteous, and ask the person when it would be convenient to talk with them. Collect business cards and plan on visiting with as many of the breeders as you can at some time after the show is over. This link will provide you with a list of questions that you should ask a breeder. While written for Golden Retrievers most of the questions are broad enough to cover all breeds.

One of the best places to look for a responsible breeder is a national and local dog club. Most, if not all, have breeder referral programs. To find a national or local club, you can go to this link for the AKC and follow it to the breed you’re interested in, and they will provide links for those clubs that have web sites. They will also provide name and phone numbers for breeder contacts if the club doesn't have web site. Most breed clubs have a Code of Ethics that discuss health and temperament issues that they consider to be important in their breed. It would be a good idea to read through each club’s Code to not only get an idea of what issues they feel are important, but to also know if the breeders you are dealing with are ethical. For most breeds the top two health issues are orthopedic and eye problems so OFA and CERF clearances will be mentioned frequently. For more information about Hip Dysplasia see this link, and for eye disorders this one.

 

Veterinarians, Boarding Kennels and trainers

Other places to check are your local veterinarians, boarding kennels, and dog trainers. Many will keep the phone numbers of their clients that breed, and in some areas they will have directories published by the local clubs with the names and numbers of breeders in their area. If you do take this route, please make sure to have taken the time to investigate the issues that are important with any breeds you are considering. Not every veterinarian, kennel manager, or trainer knows the difference between a reputable breeder and a backyard breeder or a puppy mill, so you will have to rely on your own good common sense

 

THE INTERNET

Many reputable breeders have web sites. Most of these people use their sites primarily to educate the public and tell you about the breed and their own dogs. Sites where the sale of puppies is the primary focus or where you can order a puppy through a feedback form should send up warning flags to you. Take the list of questions above and the Code of Ethics from the breed clubs and ask the breeders that you contact about all of the issues. If you are at all uncertain that a breeder meets your standards for responsibility, then don’t buy.

If you find it impossible to find both a dog of the breed you want and a responsible breeder in your area you may need to consider shipping a dog in from another part of the country. Video tapes, email and shipping by airplanes might make it possible for you to have the type of dog you want. Purchasing long distance from a responsible breeder can be a rewarding experience, but purchasing from someone irreputable may be more of an experience than you bargained for. So you must be exceptionally vigilant about checking out any breeders you are considering that cannot be easily visited.

All puppies are adorable and it is very easy to be taken in by a fuzzy face and a licking tongue. Puppies are small for only a short time. As a responsible buyer, you are committing to living with this dog for an average of 6 to 20 years (breed dependent life span). Take your time. Do your homework. Make the decision with your head before you give your heart.

 

The Pedigree Maze

 

When you begin your search for a responsible breeder one of the first, if not the first document you should inspect is a written pedigree for any puppy or planned breeding that you would be considering. A pedigree, or family tree, can be confusing for even experienced show folk. To a novice, the piece of paper containing the names of a dog's ancestors with their titles and health clearances can seem overwhelming. Here is a 'map' to help you through the maze.


Here is a basic pedigree -

Sample Pedigree 1

Parents Grand-Parents Great-Grand Parents Gr, Gr Grand-Parents





Bobby



Murrey

Austin

Kelsey

Arista

Rose

Scots

Sky

Dancer

Weaver

Teddy

Belle

Hop

Sammy

Kate





Singer

Spunky

Billy

Jesse

Betsey

Pepsi

Zipper

Chic

Princess

Travis

Blaze

Glory

Sassy

TJ

Ally

When you look at a pedigree the father's information will always be on the top and the mother's on the bottom. So in our sample pedigree number 1 Bobby is the father and Singer the mother. Murrey is the paternal grandfather with Dancer the paternal grandmother. Spunky is the maternal grandfather and Princess is the maternal grandmother.

In addition to the dogs names, most breeders will include other information on the pedigree such as health clearances, and titles earned. Here's the same pedigree (for a Golden Retriever) from above with all of the titles and health information added.

Sample Pedigree 1

Parents Grand-Parents Great-Grand Parents Gr, Gr Grand-Parents




Ch. Bobby, CDX, JH, TD, SDHF


OFA - Good, CERF,

Heart Clear, Elbows Normal


 

 

 

 

Ch. Murrey, OS, SDHF

OFA - Good, Heart and Eyes Clear.


 

Ch. Austin, OS, SDHF

OFA & Eyes Clear

Ch. Kelsey

OFA & Eyes Clear

Am.Can. Ch. Arista

OFA & Eyes Clear

 

Ch. Rose, CD

OFA Heart & Eyes Clear

Ch. Scots

OFA & Eyes Clear

Sky

OFA & Eyes Clear

 

 

 

 

Ch. Dancer

OFA - Good,

Heart and Eyes Clear


 

 

Ch. Weaver

OFA, Heart & Eyes Clear

Ch. Teddy

OFA & Eyes Clear

Ch. Belle

OFA & Eyes Clear

Hops

OFA & Eyes Clear

Ch. Sammy, CD, TD

OFA & Eyes Clear

Kate, CDX, TD, OS

OFA & Eyes Clear





Singer

OFA - Good, PennHip 0.28/0.31, CERF, Heart Clear, Thyroid Normal



 

 

 

 

Ch. Spunky, JH, WCX

OFA-Good, Heart & Eyes Clear


 

 

Ch. Billy

OFA & Eyes Clear

Am.Can.Ber.Jap. Ch. Jesse, OS

OFA & Eyes Clear

Betsey

OFA & Eyes Clear

 

 

Ch. Pepsi

Am.Can.Ch. Zipper

OFA & Eyes Clear

Am.Can. Ch. Chic

OFA & Eyes Clear

 

 

Princess, NA

OFA-Good, Heart Clear, CERF, OFA-Thyroid Normal


 

 

Ch. Travis

OFA & Eyes Clear

Ch. Blaze

OFA & Eyes Clear

Glory

OFA & Eyes Clear

 

Sassy (major ptd)

OFA & Eyes Clear

Ch. TJ

OFA & Eyes Clear

Ch. Ally

OFA & Eyes Clear


Let's take a dog from this pedigree and analyze it's achievements using the glossary of terms at the end of this article. We'll look at "Bobby", the father of the litter.

Ch. Bobby, CDX, JH, TD, SDHF

OFA - Good, CERF, Heart Clear, Elbows Normal

Looking at Bobby's titles we can tell that he has obtained a conformation Championship (the Ch. by convention written in red), and is entered into the Show Dog Hall Of Fame (the SDHF) by having competed at the Best of Breed and Group level of competition. He has attained a median level obedience title (the CDX). He has also earned a Tracking title (the TD), and a hunting title (the JH). Bobby is a very accomplished dog and a credit to his breed, his owner and breeder.

Now let's look at his health clearances. He has been found clear of both hip and elbow dysplasia as evidenced by the OFA - Good, and the Normal Elbow rating. He has been found to have no hereditary eye disorders as shown by the CERF clearance. The dog has also be examined by a cardiologist and has been found to be free of any obvious cardiac abnormalities.

One very important thing to note in this pedigree. As a whole, the majority of the animals have been examined and found free of hereditary diseases.

Here's another sample pedigree. This time for a Shetland Sheepdog. In some breeds there are potentially serious problems associated with certain color combinations (in shelties it's the possibility that a dog could inherit a double merle gene) so the pedigree for those breeds often includes detailed information about the colors of the dog's ancestors.

Sample Pedigree 2

Parents Grand-Parents Great-Grand Parents Gr, Gr Grand-Parents







 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Astro CD

 

OFA97G, CERF

Sbl & Wh (sire)

 

 

CH Sport

CERF

Sbl & Wh

 

CH Louie

OFA54, CERF

Sbl & Wh

 

Player

 

Sbl &Wh

CH Bells

CERF

Sbl & wh

 

Fling

CERF

Sbl & Wh

CH Merry

CERF

Sbl & Wh

Lonnie

CERF

Sbl & Wh

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pumpkin

 

CERF

Sbl & Wh

 

CH Gil CD

OFA57, CERF

Sbl & Wh

CH Peter

Sbl & Wh

CH Dusty

Sbl & Wh

 

 

 

 

Dahlia

 

CERF

Sbl & Wh

CH Peter

Sbl & Wh

CH Lady

CERF

Sbl & Wh

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U-CD Storm CDX, NA, CGC, TT

CERF

Blk, Wh

 

 

 

 

 

 

CH Dale, CD

CERF

Blk,Wh&Tn (Can)

 

CH Stopper

CERF

Blk, Wh, Tn

Reggie

OFA33, CERF

Sbl & Wh

 

Foxy

 

Blk, Wh & Tn

 

 

 

Classy

CERF

Blk, Wh, Tn (Can)

 

Commander

Sbl & Wh (Can)

 

Corey

 

Sbl & Wh

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ch. Angel

CERF

Sbl & Wh

 

 

 

Peanut

CERF

Blk, Wh & Tn

Timmy

CERF

Bl Mrl Wh & Tn

Shell

Blk, Wh & Tn

 

 

 

Dusty

Sbl & Wh

CH Jupiter CD

Sbl & Wh

Heather

Sbl & Wh


As we did above let's look at one dog out of this pedigree and it's accomplishments. We'll take the mother Storm.

U-CD Storm CDX, NA, CGC, TT

CERF

Blk, Wh

Storm has obtained several titles in performance areas, obedience (the U-CD and CDX) and agility (the NA). She has also attained a CGC (the AKC's Canine Good Citizen Certificate), and has also been Temperament Tested (the TT).

Shelties are often subject to hereditary eye problems. By looking at this pedigree you can see that the majority of the dogs have been examined by a Canine Opthamologist and are free of hereditary eye disorders.

In this pedigree there are some good examples of other things you will need to look at and consider in making your final decisions. For example, breeding a merle Sheltie to another merle Sheltie can result in physical defects. In this pedigree you can easily see that such a breeding has not occured.

Another item to note is that the paternal grandmother "Pumpkin" is the result of a brother/sister in-breeding. For a more complete discussion on the topic of in-breeding please follow this link.

Another consideration is that a number of the great-great grandparents don't have eye clearances even though eye problems are common in the breed. In this case, the majority of the dogs without clearances listed were from the early-mid 70's and before CERF and opthamologic testing was easily available.

If you have a question about something you see in a pedigree a knowledgeable breeder will be able to answer your questions. If they can't then you should consider another breeder.

Now we'll consider the pedigree of an imported German Shepherd.

Sample Pedigree 3

Parents Grand-Parents Great-Grand Parents Gr, Gr Grand-Parents

 

 

 

Lad SchH3

 

Erik, SchH3 "a"

Albert SchH3 FH "a"

Cherry. SchH3

Heidi, SchH1

Britta SchH3 FH INT

Tempest, SchH3

Elke, SchH1

 

Bianka, SchH3

Bernie, SchH2 "A"

Albert SchH3 FH "a"

Reina, SchH1

Brittany, SchH1

Hans, SchH3

Gurta, SchH1

 

 

 

Tuja, SchH1, Kkl 2

 

Feger, SchH3 "a"

Bernie, SchH2 "A"

Albert SchH3 FH "a"

Reina, SchH1

Brittany, SchH1

Hans, SchH3

Gurta, SchH1

 

Nickie, SchH3 "a"

Axel, SchH3 "a"

Albert SchH3 FH "a"

Stella, SchH1

Isis, SchH1 "a"

Ben, SchH2

Amy, SchH1


This pedigree shows line-breeding (which is discussed in more detail
here and a breeding based mostly on performance. Schutzhund consists of 3 parts, obedience, tracking and protection with each level getting increasingly more difficult. Under the german SV system the breed has a "breed warden" that monitors and approves all breedings. To gain approval the dog much meet certain standards in terms of conformation, performance and soundness (hip evaluations).

The "a" indicates the dogs hips have been evaluated for hip dysplasia and is breedable under their requirements. The "a" rating will vary from the equivalent to an OFA Excellent to an OFA Fair.

For our final sample pedigree. Let's look at a pedigree for an Akita that was sold in a pet shop and advertised as coming from Champion lines.

Sample Pedigree 4

Parents Grand-Parents Great-Grand Parents Gr, Gr Grand-Parents

 

 

Charger

 

Goto

 

Ch. Tugger

OFA

Pewter

Kamona

Nugget

Ch. Gourmet

Sue

 

Rose

Smoke

Shoga

Kiko

Toshua

OFA

Brandy

Ro

 

 

Nika

 

Upah

Yukon

Knight

Babe

Jasmine

Kato

Rosie

 

Bet

Yoko

Bosco

Yona

Hillside

Ben

Rocky


Unlike our previous examples, few of the dogs in the pedigree have any titles or health clearances.

We hope that we've given you some guidance in reading a pedigree, the wide variety of titles available make it important for you to talk to a breeder as to what their concerns are (for their breed and lines) as well as their goals. The pedigree should be your starting point for discussion rather than proof of quality.

 


Reading Your Puppy's Pedigree

 

Listed below is the meaning of most of the abbreviations you might find on a pedigree.



 

Conformation -

 



 

Titles

 

Ch. = Champion of Record



Other Non-titled awards

HOF or SDHF = Hall of Fame

BIS = Best in Show

BISS = Best in Specialty Show



 

Obedience -



 

Titles

 

CD = Companion Dog

CDX = Companion Dog Excellent

UD = Utility Dog

UDX = Utility Dog Excellent

UDT = Utility Dog Tracking Dog

UDTDX = Utility Dog Tracking

Dog Excellent

UDXTD = Utility Dog Excellent

Tracking Dog

UDXTDX = Utility Dog Excellent

Tracking Dog Excellent

UDVST = Utility Dog Variable

Surface Tracking

UDXVST= Utility Dog Excellent

Variable Surface

Tracking

OTCH = Obedience Trial Champion



Other Non-titled awards

HIT = High In Trial

HC = High Combined



 

Agility



Titles -

NA - Novice Agility

NAJ - Novice Agility Jumpers

OA - Open Agility

OAJ - Open Agility Jumpers

AX - Agility Excellent

AXJ - Agility Excellent Jumpers

MX - Master Agility Excellent

MXJ - Master Agility Jumper



Field



JH - Junior Hunter

SH - Senior Hunter

MH - Master Hunter



FC - Field Trial Champion

AFC - Amateur Field Trial Champion

DC - Dual Champion (Ch & FC)

NAFC - National Amateur Field Champion

NFC - National Field Champion



Tracking -



TD - Tracking Dog

TDX - Tracking Dog Excellent

VST - Variable Surface Tracking



 

Herding -



HD - Herding Tested

PT - Pre-Trial Tested

HS - Herding Started

HI - Herding Intermediate

HX - Herding Excellent



Coursing -



JC - Junior Courser

SC - Senior Courser

MC- Master Courser



Earthdog -



JE - Junior Earthdog

SE - Senior Earthdog

ME - Master Earthdog



Other -



TT - Temperament Tested

CGC - Canine Good Citizen







Titles can be earned in any number of country's and listed below are the abbreviations for the ones you are most likely to see.



Am. - American

Can. - Canadian

Mex. - Mexican

Ber. - Bermuda

Jap. - Japanese

Aus. - Australian

Int. - International



There is an organization called the United Kennel Club which offers it's own trials/titles.



There are a wide variety of other sports available for competition such as Shutzhund, French Ring and other Protection type training. A brief listing of the available titles are:



 

Schutzhund



SchHA - Introduction to Schutzhund w/o tracking

Bh - Basic companion dog

WH - Watchdog test for basic alertness

AD - Endurance test for fundamental fitness

SchH1 - Preliminary Schutzhund qualification in

tracking, obedience and protection

SchH2 - More advanced work in all 3 areas

SchH3 - Masters level work in all 3 areas

FH1 - More advanced Tracking

FH2 - Greater Tracking challenge

IPO1 - International Trial Rules - similar to

Schutzhund but with some variations

IPO2 - More advanced work in all 3 areas

IPO3 - The competition level of IPO



 

Additional SV Titles



BpDH1&2 - Railway Police Dog

BIH - Blind Leader Dog

DH - Service Dog

HGH - Herding Dog

LwH - Avalanche Dog

PFP1 & PFP2 - Police Tracking Dog

PH - Police Dog

PSP1,2&3 - Police Guard Dog

RtH - Rescue Dog

ZFH - Customs Tracking Dog

ZH1,2,&3 - Customs Dog

In addition -

Each breeds parent club will also often provide additional titles that can be earned. Some will pertain to the breeds purpose such as:

WC or WD titles which usually stand for Working Certificate or Working Dog and are indicative or the dogs having the natural abilities the breed was bred for.

Other titles may pertain to the dogs ability to compete in a variety of areas. These usually have the term Versaility in them. Such as VC = Versatility Certificate.

Even others will deal with the dogs ability to produce titled offspring. Some examples are:

ROM - Reward of Merit

or

OS or OD - Outstanding Sire or Outstanding

Dam. Dogs with any of these

Titles has produced a number of

titled offspring.

Health Clearances -

Orthopedic Clearances

Hip Dysplasia

OFA - Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (Hip evaluations)

Ratings - Excellent, Good, or Fair

PennHip - Distraction Index & absence of DJD

(degenerative joint disease)

"A" Stamping - SV system of grading hip dysplasia

Elbow Dysplasia -

OFA - Normal (no other ratings)

 

Eyes

 

CERF - Canine Eye Registry Foundation ( Eye Clearances )

Eyes Clear - Dog has been examined by a certified Canine Opthamologist and is clear of hereditary defects.

Heart

Heart Clear - The dog has been examined by a board

certified Canine Cardiologist and no evidence of hereditary defects was found.

VWD - VonWillebrands Disease - A form of canine hemophilia.

Thyroid - The dog has been tested and found to have

normal thyroid levels

In-Breeding and other Breeding Methods

One of the most hotly talked about topics with regard to pure-bred dogs is the use of in-breeding. This is a term that is often misused and is extremely misunderstood.

Part of the misunderstandings come from differences in the way the terms are used within the scientific/medical field, and how it is commonly used by breeders. These are the most commonly accepted definitions used by serious dog breeders and will be the definitions used within this article. 

In-breeding - This is the breeding of closely related animals. Brother-Sister, Parent-Offspring, ½ brother - ½ Sister.

Line-breeding - This is the breeding of animals that share common ancestors but are not closely related. For example the dogs may share a common great-grandparent.

 

Out-cross - This is generally considered the breeding of animals with no common ancestors within the first 4 or 5 generations.

Common Misconceptions

In-breeding causes genetic diseases - Breeding closely related animals increases the possibility that any bad genes in a line will show up. It does not 'cause' genetic disease.

 

Out-crossed dogs are healthier - This is only partly true. There is a known phenomenon called Hybrid Vigor. Two animals of unrelated strains breed and the offspring is often bigger and grows faster than it's purebred cousins. This method is often used by farmers in order to get their animals to market sooner. But one of the biggest misconceptions of hybrid vigor is that it applies to all animals of mixed heritage. Hybrid Vigor only applies to the animals that are the direct offspring of the crossing of the unrelated strains. In other words if you continue to breed animals of different strains there generally will not be any additional increase in hybrid vigor. If the unrelated strains share common genes for genetic disorders, hybrid vigor will not over ride the risk of the disorder showing up. Out-crossing can also cause problems if widely divergent physical types are mixed due to differences in growth rates and bone and muscle sizes.

Benefits Of Each Type Of Breeding

By definition, purebred dogs have a smaller gene pool to draw on than mixed breed dogs. That smaller gene pool gives the breed its individual characteristics, such as physical appearance and temperament. It is what makes a poodle a Poodle and a Golden Retriever a Golden Retriever. But there is considerable controversy with regard to whether the gene pools of the modern pure-bred have become too small.

 

Inbreeding -

In-breeding is more likely to help "set" or "fix" a particular trait within a breed or a line by narrowing the gene pool to favor those traits. So if a breeder is looking to set a particular desirable feature of their line then in-breeding and choosing the offspring most strongly possessing that trait can be beneficial.

Here are samples of an in-bred pedigrees -

Parent/Offspring

Brother/Sister

In the first pedigree Sydney is the maternal son of Annie, thus doubling on Annie's genes. Or another way to look at it is Annie is both Sydney's mother and Grand-mother. In the second example we have a full brother/sister in-breeding so we are doubling up on the genes from both Kiley and Annie.

In-breeding can also help identify those bad genes that exist within a line. Dogs possessing the bad genes can be eliminated from a breeding program and carriers also identified.

Intermittent in-breeding within a line or breed is not damaging to the long term health of the animals. However, in-breeding over successive generations can lead to reduced fitness and fertility problems among the offspring, resulting in a phenomena known as In-breeding Depression. It can take many generations to show up depending on the traits involved.

To use this method responsibly a breeder would not want to in-breed on animals with known genetic disorders, temperaments not in keeping with it's given breed, or known serious structural faults, or to in-breed frequently even on healthy-superior specimens.

 

 

 

Line-Breeding -

Line-breeding is another way to help "set" or "fix" desirable traits. With line-breeding you breed animals that are related, but you are also routinely introducing genes from other lines into the genetic mix. It takes longer to fix the desirable traits this way, but doing so lowers the risk of those problems associated with repeated in-breeding. With a tight line-breeding you might find the same 3, 4 or more dogs showing up numerous times in a 5 generation pedigree.

Here's an example of a tightly line-bred pedigree (I've identified those dogs whose names show up more than once by color)

Loose line-breeding over successive generations will result in more variations of physical appearance than would in-breeding or tight line-breeding, but will keep the physical look and structure within the same general size and shape, it also carries fewer long term risks.

And a sample of loose line-breeding (as with the above pedigree I'll identify dogs whose names repeat by color):

According to geneticists. Line-breeding can be carried on for many many generations without deleterious effects on the line or breed as long as the individuals involved have few hidden genetic disorders.

 

 

 

Out-Crossing -

Out-crossing in terms of pure-bred dogs is the breeding of unrelated dogs. On a pedigree no names will be repeated within the first 5 generations.

This type of breeding has both advantages and disadvantages. Which as it turns out are flip sides of the same argument. With out-crossing you are maintaining the greatest genetic diversity, but this also leads to the least consistency in terms of physical appearance and other traits.

Out-crossing does not guarantee that the animals won't develop genetic disorders, but it does tend to reduce the numbers of affected offspring. Your best chance of getting an animal that is less prone to developing a genetic disorder comes more from finding a conscientious breeder that screens their animals for hereditary disorders and breeds for the betterment of the breed.

 

All three methods of breeding have their place in a long term, well thought out breeding program. Talk to the breeder, ask questions as to what their goal is in doing a particular breeding. Ask about the risks and what problems are known to that line. And all lines have some because the perfect dog and the perfect lines are still goals of the future for all breeders.


 

This article started out as a post to an e-mail list with regard to genetics and health. It is somewhat long but I hope you read through to the end and gain something from it. I've modified it somewhat by removing references to specific dogs where they existed to make it a more general piece.

 

Ok, this is going to be a somewhat long post and I may have to break it up to get it to go through to the list so bear with me.

A couple of people have asked some very good questions.

1) Why did I bother going so far back into the pedigrees.

2) Why not tell stories about successes/failures with various breeding methods.

I will get to these, but keep them in the back of your mind while reading.

Genetics is to a large degree dealing with statistics and probabilities. It is not absolutes.

If we all think about that old dreaded bell shaped curve we remember from school, especially with regard to grading papers. Ewwwww. Well, the bell curve figures fairly predominantly into genetics.

Here's a diagram I had made up for a different discussion quite some time ago but can be utilized here.

Typical bell shaped curve:

This curve was set up to talk about heights. Dog as a species range from the tiny little toy dogs up to the giant breeds. But if you looked at the height of the species over all you would find a bell shaped curve. You'll have some really tiny dogs at one end, some really large dogs at the other but the vast majority of dogs will be in the middle.

That brings us to chart 2:

What we have done through selective breeding is to narrow the bell shaped curve so that it falls in a curve around the "breed standard". In doing that we have eliminated the genes that would produce a tiny dog as well as those that would produce a giant dog. If you look at the chart there are 3 curves there. One for yorkies, one for goldens and one for great danes. The vast majority of goldens are going to fall within the range of 20.5 inches to 25 inches at the shoulder. There are going to be some that fall above those numbers as well as below. But those numbers are going to be relatively low. And the chances of producing a yorkie sized golden are pretty slim because we have with time eliminated those genes.

It is possible with time and selection to shift the bell curves. For example when I first got involved with goldens they were tending towards the uppper end of the breed standard. So if you had been able to generate a bell curve of the dogs that lived at that time the curve would fall a little further to the right of the midpoint. And that is how with time you can through selection change certain traits.

When you breed for certain traits you are by definition breeding away from others. With time the genes that produce those traits that you are breeding away from are lost. Basically use it or lose it. Purebreds by definition have narrower gene pools than the species as a whole. That's what makes a golden a golden a yorkie a yorkie, etc, etc, etc. They are genetically more consistant or what is called homozygous.

Because of that homozygosity the chances of producing a yorkie sized golden are very slim.

Which brings us to chart 3:

The ultimate out-cross. A cross-breeding between two breeds. If you breed two divergent breeds like say a golden and a yorkie the first or (F1) generation is actually going to be a fairly consistant mix of the two parent breeds. You would get a fairly narrow bell curve located somewhere between the two parent breeds.

If however you take two of those first generation crosses and breed them together you will get a wide variety of heights. You might have some down close to yorkie sized and others up closer to golden sized. Your not likely to get Great Dane sized dogs out of this mix because you haven't added the genes for giant size into the mix.

Here's a link to a graphic that nicely illusrates this point. - Link

So with our breeding of purebreds we are doing the same thing on a smaller scale. The analogy would be that in (and to a lesser extent line breeding) are like breeding pure-strains, you will get much more consistant results. Out-crossing to other lines within the breed would be like cross-breeding, you get more variability within the offspring.

So to answer the second question first. Without even hearing any stories about successes/failures of in vs out crosses I can tell you that the chances that you are going to hear many more success stories about in/line breeding is going to be much higher. Why? Because of how we generally measure the success. By how many of the offspring are successful in a particular venue. The more consistant the offspring the more likely they will be successful.

But as you add more and more selection criteria the number of dogs that you have to choose from goes down.

In a randomly bred population every dog has an equal chance of breeding with any other dog. In such a population if one dog has a deleterious mutation, it will pass that gene on to it's offspring, but because of the limited nature of that dogs contribution to the breed the frequency with which that gene shows up in the population as a whole remains low. And in random breedings the chances that any individual will inherit two copies of that gene remain low as well. So the chances of producing an affected animal in a randomly bred population is low (it is not non-existant which is why mixed breed dogs can and do get the same genetic disorders that purebreds do).

However the chances of getting consistant offspring is lower as well. This is generally why you have sires that tend to be pre-potent. Dogs that are more genetically homozygous (consistant) themselves will produce more consistant offspring.

Even in a randomly bred population with each generation you are going to lose some genes through what is called genetic drift. At this link there's a diagram about 1/3 to 1/2 way down that shows what happens with time.

However, the rate of mutation tends to keep the overall diversity within the population consistant. People generally tend to think of mutations as bad, they aren't, some are beneficial (like maybe increased resistance to a disease), some are benign and some are deleterious (like reduced resistance to a disease).

Selection increases the rate at which we lose genes with each generation.

The link just above also mentions the effective population size. This is where the popular stud situation comes into play. It is based on the number of breedable males and females within a population. In a population where you have more dogs from a wider variety of blood lines being bred you have a larger effective population size than you would if in the same population you funneled most of the breedings through a more limited number of dogs (generally males).

So popular stud use reduces on a breed wide basis the genetic diversity and decreases the effective population size.

Consider this in relation to the post I made the other day where I mentioned that in 1968/69 there were 172 Champions out of 118 different sires or roughly 1.5 Champions per sire. In 1994/95 we had 425 Champions out of 180 different sires or 2.4 Champions per sire. In addition the top producers were producing greater proportions of the Champions. So we are funneling the breedings through fewer and fewer dogs, reducing the breeds effective population size.

What bearing does this have on health. A lot.

When we reduce the amount of genetic diversity based on the outward phenotypes (appearances) we also reduce the amount of diversity of untold other genes that regulate all sorts of other bodily functions.

Let's look at the Major Histiocompatability Complex (MHC) it is a group of genes that basically regulate the bodies immune system. The immune system on the other hand has an impact on everything from the development of arthritis to the bodies ability to fight off infections to the ability to ward off cancers. Research on the MHC has shown that it functions most efficiently when it is genetically diverse.

Because we cannot be selective about how those unseen genes become more consistant we have inadvertantly also reduced the amount of diversity of the genes in the MHC. Do we know how much?

Research going on at UC Davis on Akitas, a breed prone to immune system problems, has shown that of the 32 possible alleles in the MHC the breed has 7. The preliminary reports were careful to say that they cannot definatively say that is the cause of the immune system problems in the breed but it does give them direction for further research.

So by random occurences and selection with time we have reduced the number of available genes, and by funneling so many of the breedings through so relatively few animals we increase the probability that the bad genes that those particular animals carried are going to be expressed.

And this goes back to the question about why go back so far in the pedigree.

There is also whats called the founder effect. Our breed as a whole is limited to only those genes that were present in the founding animals.

One example that is often used is blood types in certain groups. American indians as a group don't tend to have one of the blood types (I can't remember at the moment which one it is). Why not? Because the ancestors on which their tribes are based, by chance didn't have the genes to produce that particular blood type.

So a breed of dog by virtue of being a breed and for the last 100 or so years being a closed gene pool cannot add genes in. The only thing we can do to try and limit how quickly we lose them.

So finally on why look further back in a pedigree.

In a 20 generation pedigree you have the possibility of 2097150 different unique ancestors. The more unique ancestors the more diversity, and the less quickly we lose genes. The more evenly represented the ancestors the less quickly we lose genes and we also lower the chances that you will double up on the bad genes that those animals brought to the genetic table.

But in addition to the bad genes that each animal brought to the genetic table they also brought good genes. And some of those genes very likely were protective in nature. They prevented the bad genes from being expressed. And with time as we select for particular traits and engage in in/line breeding which also hastens inadvertent gene loss we may have also been hastening the loss of those protective genes.

As I said in one of the previous posts the simple Mendelian model of genetics that most people have at least some aquaintance with is (and I originally used the word flawed, but inadequate is probably more accurate) inadequate in dealing with the much larger picture. Look at the research that has come out in just the last few weeks. There are far fewer genes (at least in humans) than originally believed, and each of those genes codes for at least several proteins. How those proteins interact in order to keep us functioning is all interrelated. A gene that we think may code for hair color could also code for something related to health. We simply don't know. So it's not simply a matter of identify and eliminate the bad genes, we need to keep as many of the genes as we possibly can, because they may be protecting us from the bad genes.

And on a breed wide basis we need to work harder on not losing those genes.

I hope this makes sense to people :)

 
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Boxer
 
 
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Bulldog
 
 
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Foxhound
 
 
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Havanese
 
 
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Pug
 
 
Saluki
 
 
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Dogs are known for their loyalty, obedience and eagerness to please. Following are five stories about dogs and their incredible loyalty and valor. From traversing down a 500 foot cliff to find its master, to sleeping on its masters grave for 11 years, to checking a train station everyday for six years until its master returned these dogs are truly man's best friend.

By: admin Posted: September 30, 2007

5. Bobbie, the Wonder Dog

A Scottish Collie and English Shepherd Mix

 

 

 

- Bobbie was a Scotch collie and English shepherd mix that managed to find his way home after getting lost on a family trip. Bobbie traveled at least 2,800 miles from Indiana to Oregon in just six months in 1923. The Braziers identified the dog upon his return by three unique scars that he obtained before he was lost. His monumental feat of faithfulness did not go unnoticed. He was featured around the world in a series of newspaper articles and in Ripley's Believe it or Not. Having won the heart of a number of people, Bobbie received hundreds of letters, ribbons, collars, and even keys to various cities. He was also given a silver medal, engraved with the record of his long-distance journey by the Oregon Humane Society.after accidental abandonment on a cross country trip, Bobbie made his way back over 2800 miles to his family's home.

4. Old Shep

A Border Collie from the United States

 

 

 

- Shep was a border collie who followed his beloved master everywhere. When the man died in 1936, Shep followed the man's coffin to the train station in Fort Benton, Montana. When they refused to allow him on the train, Shep hung around the station yard and waited for his master to return. For the next six years, Shep checked every train that arrived at the station for his master. Tragically, Shep was killed by a passing train in 1942. His story was memorialized in a book titled Forever Faithful-the Story of Shep. He even has his own memorial with a large bronze sculpture of himself in a little park over looking the river.

3. Heidi

A Jack Russell Terrier from Scotland

 

 

 

- In 2001, a Jack Russell terrier named Heidi scrambled down a 500-foot drop to get to her owner, Graham Snell. Snell had fallen off the cliff while hiking and died instantly. Heidi stayed by her master's side for two days until rescue teams finally found them.

2. HachikÅ

An Akita who became a symbol of loyalty in Japan

 

 

 

- Hackiko was an Akita who was brought to Tokyo by his owner Kidesamur? Ueno. Ueno was a professor at the University of Tokyo. Every day, Hachiko would wait at the nearby Shibuya train station for Ueno to return. Ueno died in May 1925, but that did not stop Hachiko. He returned to the train station continuously for nine years, patiently waiting for his master to return.

About a year after Ueno's death, one of his former students spotted Hachiko during his daily vigil and, after following Hachiko home, learned about this remarkable dog. The student wrote and published several articles about Hachiko amazing loyalty to his owner. Eventually, national newspapers picked up the story and Hachiko soon became famous. He also earned the nickname "Chu-ken Hachiko" or "faithful dog Hachiko."

In 1934, an artist erected a statue of Hachiko at Shibuya Station, and Hachiko was present for its unveiling. The statue was recycled during World War II, but later resurrected by the original artist's son in 1948. Another statue of Hachiko stands in his hometown in front of the Odate Station and a third has been erected in front of the Akita Museum in Odate.

Hachiko finally gave his vigil when he died in 1935. His remains were stuffed and mounted and are kept at the National Science Museum in Ueno, Tokyo.

1. Greyfriars Bobby

A Skye Terrier in Edinburgh, Scotland

 

 

 

- John Gray died on February 8, 1858 in Edinburgh, Scotland, leaving very little behind except for a little Skye terrier named Bobby. The day after the burial, the curator noticed Bobby lying on the fresh mound of dirt. He immediately chased the little dog away, but the next day he was back. Again, the curator chased him day, but on the third day-despite the cold and the rain-Bobby was back. Finally, the curator took pity on the poor dog and allowed him to stay.

For the next fourteen years, Bobby kept constant watch over his owner's grave, rarely leaving except to take his noontime meal at exactly one o'clock. After a while, he came to be known as Greyfriars Bobby, after the cemetery in which his master was buried.

Bobby outlasted his master by fourteen years. When he died, he was buried just inside the gate at Greyfriars Kirkyard. He could not be buried with his master because it was consecrated ground. His headstone reads, "Greyfriars Bobby - died 14th January 1872 - aged 16 years - Let his loyalty and devotion be a lesson to us all."

Greyfriars Bobby may be gone, but he has not been forgotten. Shortly after his passing, a statue was resurrected in his honor. His story was also passed down and eventually a fictional version of the tale was published in a book titled Greyfriars Bobby by Eleanor Atkinson. In 1961, the book was made into a movie titled Greyfriars Bobby: The True Story of a Dog. Another movie was released in 2006 titled The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby and starred Oliver Golding and Christopher Lee.

Flying dogs and the stories they lived to tell about

Some of the most amazing stories in history have involved dogs. Here are some of those amazing stories.

1.) Two dogs survived the sinking of Titanic, yes that’s right,two DOGS survived. They escaped on early lifeboats carrying so few people that no one objected. Miss Margaret Hays of New York brought her Pomeranian with her in lifeboat No. 7, while Henry Sleeper Harper of the publishing family boarded boatNo. 3 with his Pekinese, Sun Yat Sen. (Pics)


 

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Biggles

The Basset hound made famous in the Hush Puppies shoe commercials was named Biggles.
Biggles’ grandson, Mr. Jeffries, earned fame as the dog with the longest ears in the world. His ears measured 11 and ½ inches each and he often tripped over them.
Tia, a 2 year old Neopolitan Mastiff gave birth to the world’s largest litter in 2005. She delivered 24 puppies by caesarean section. Twenty of them survived, setting another record of the most surviving puppies.
The world’s tallest dog is a Great Dane from Sacramento named Gibson. He measures 7 feet when standing upright.
Andrew Larkey of Sidney Australia, walked 11 dogs at once on leash for one kilometer.
Twelve veterinary science students from the University of Sydney set a record bathing dogs when they scrubbed 848 dogs in eight hours.
The real hero of the 1925 Serum Run was really Togo. The 12 year old husky led his sled dog team through 260 miles of blowing Alaskan blizzard to deliver emergency diphtheria serum to Nome. Balto received most of the fame because he led the final 55 miles.
The first search and rescue dog on the scene of the World Trade Center disaster on September 11. 2001, was Bear, an 11 year old Golden Retriever. He began recovery efforts immediately, working 18 hour days in the beginning.
Endal, a yellow Lab, helped rehabilitate a Gulf War veteran. He also saved Allen’s life, when Allen was struck by a car and knocked from his wheelchair, unconscious. Endal pulled him into the recovery position, covered him with a blanket and grabbed his cell phone. After no response, he walked to a nearby hotel and raised the alarm.

2.) The Basset hound made famous in the Hush Puppies shoe commercials was named Biggles.

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Mr. Jeffries

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Mr. Jeffries

3.) Biggles’ grandson, Mr. Jeffries, earned fame as the dog with the longest ears in the world. His ears measured 11 and ½ inches each and he often tripped over them.

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Tia

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Tia’s pups

4.) Tia, a 2 year old Neopolitan Mastiff gave birth to the world’s largest litter in 2005. She delivered 24 puppies by Cesarean section. Twenty of them survived, setting another record of the most surviving puppies.

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Gibson

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Gibson

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Dog Craziness 672

Gibson

5.) The world’s tallest dog is a Great Dane from Sacramento named Gibson. He measures 7 feet when standing upright.

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Andrew Larkey

6.) Andrew Larkey of Sidney Australia, walked 11 dogs at once on leash for one kilometer.

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Sleeping with dogs

7.) ”Three dog night” (attributed to Australian Aborigines) came about because on especially cold nights these nomadic people needed three dogs (dingos, actually) to keep from freezing.

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Togo

8.) The real hero of the 1925 Serum Run was really Togo. The 12 year old husky led his sled dog team through 260 miles of blowing Alaskan blizzard to deliver emergency diphtheria serum to Nome. Balto received most of the fame because he led the final 55 miles.

Bear 7893

9.) The first search and rescue dog on the scene of the World Trade Center disaster on September 11. 2001, was Bear, an 11 year old Golden Retriever. He began recovery efforts immediately, working 18 hour days in the beginning.

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Endal and Allen

10.) Endal, a yellow Lab, helped rehabilitate a Gulf War veteran. He also saved Allen’s life, when Allen was struck by a car and knocked from his wheelchair, unconscious. Endal pulled him into the recovery position, covered him with a blanket and grabbed his cell phone. After no response, he walked to a nearby hotel and raised the alarm.

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Doggy Fanny Pack

Dog Fact: Dogs have about 100 different facial expressions, most of them made with the ears. Unfortunately, the likes of bulldogs and pitbulls only have 10, due to their breeding. Therefore, dogs easily get misinterpreted by other dogs and often get into fights.

Yorkshire Terrier

 


 




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