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William Shakespeare (Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, Reino Unido c. 26 de abril de 1564jul. – ibídem, 23 de abriljul./ 3 de mayo de 1616greg.)1 fue un dramaturgo, poeta y actor inglés. Conocido en ocasiones como el Bardo de Avon (o simplemente El Bardo), Shakespeare es considerado el escritor más importante en lengua inglesa y uno de los más célebres de la literatura universal.2
Según la Encyclopædia Britannica, «Shakespeare es generalmente reconocido como el más grande escritor de todos los tiempos, figura única en la historia de la literatura. La fama de otros poetas, tales como Homero y Dante Alighieri, o de novelistas como León Tolstoy o Charles Dickens, ha trascendido las barreras nacionales, pero ninguno de ellos ha llegado a alcanzar la reputación de Shakespeare, cuyas obras […] hoy se leen y representan con mayor frecuencia y en más países que nunca. La profecía de uno de sus grandes contemporáneos, Ben Jonson, se ha cumplido por tanto: 'Shakespeare no pertenece a una sola época sino a la eternidad'».3
El crítico estadounidense Harold Bloom sitúa a Shakespeare, junto a Dante, en la cúspide de su 'canon occidental': «Ningún otro escritor ha tenido nunca tantos recursos lingüísticos como Shakespeare, tan profusos en Trabajos de amor perdidos que tenemos la impresión de que, de una vez por todas, se han alcanzado muchos de los límites del lenguaje. Sin embargo, la mayor originalidad de Shakespeare reside en la representación de personajes: Bottom es un melancólico triunfo; Shylock, un problema permanentemente equívoco para todos nosotros; pero sir John Falstaff es tan original y tan arrollador que con él Shakespeare da un giro de ciento ochenta grados a lo que es crear a un hombre por medio de palabras».4
Jorge Luis Borges escribió sobre él: «Shakespeare es el menos inglés de los poetas de Inglaterra. Comparado con Robert Frost (de New England), con Wordsworth, con Samuel Johnson, con Chaucer y con los desconocidos que escribieron, o cantaron, las elegías, es casi un extranjero. Inglaterra es la patria del understatement, de la reticencia bien educada; la hipérbole, el exceso y el esplendor son típicos de Shakespeare».5
Shakespeare fue poeta y dramaturgo venerado ya en su tiempo, pero su reputación no alcanzó las altísimas cotas actuales hasta el siglo XIX. Los románticos, particularmente, aclamaron su genio, y los victorianos adoraban a Shakespeare con una devoción que George Bernard Shawdenominó 'bardolatría'.6
En el siglo XX, sus obras fueron adaptadas y redescubiertas en multitud de ocasiones por todo tipo de movimientos artísticos, intelectuales y de arte dramático. Las comedias y tragedias shakespearianas han sido traducidos a las principales lenguas, y constantemente son objeto de estudios y se representan en diversos contextos culturales y políticos de todo el mundo. Por otra parte, muchas de las citas y aforismos que salpican sus obras han pasado a formar parte del uso cotidiano, tanto en inglés como en otros idiomas. Y en lo personal, con el paso del tiempo, se ha especulado mucho sobre su vida, cuestionando su sexualidad, su filiación religiosa, e incluso la autoría de sus obras.
Fuente. Wikipedia
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William Shakespeare (//;[1] 26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616)[nb 1] was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.[2] He is often called England's national poet and the 'Bard of Avon'.[3][nb 2] His extant works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays,[nb 3] 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, the authorship of some of which is uncertain. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.[4]
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children:Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.[5]
Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613.[6][nb 4] His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, includingHamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrotetragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare, published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's. It was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as 'not of an age, but for all time.'[7]
Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the 19th century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard Shaw called 'bardolatry'. In the 20th century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world.
Source. Wikipedia
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