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Pothole or Kettle in Invermere EarthCache

This cache has been locked, but it is available for viewing.
A cache by [DELETED_USER]
Hidden : 2/24/2015
Difficulty:
1.5 out of 5
Terrain:
1.5 out of 5

Size: Size:   other (other)

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Geocache Description:

A "glacial kettle" or "kettle hole" or “pothole” is a fluvioglacial landform that is generally formed when a piece of ice breaks off (or is calved off, to use the proper term) a receding glacier, and becomes buried by the glacial deposit left by the receding glacier. As the ice block melts, a depression is left in the landscape as the surface above subsides into the hole.


There have been many glacial stages during the last 2 .5 million years. The last large glacial advance in the Rocky Mountains started about 25,000 years ago and is referred to as the Fraser Glaciation. The main ice centre was in central BC where the ice sheet was over 1 kilometer thick and the glacier flowed in all directions. A glacier flowed southward through this valley during the last ice age, advancing as far as Polson Montana (about 90 miles from Eureka). It retreated northward during the warming and by 11,000 years ago the valleys of southern BC were ice free.

Most kettle holes are much less than two kilometres in diameter, although some in the U.S. Midwest exceed ten kilometres. Puslinch Lake in Ontario, Canada, is the largest kettle lake in Canada spanning 160 hectares (400 acres). Fish Lake in the north-central Cascade Mountains of Washington State, USA, is 200 hectares (490 acres).

The depth of most kettles is less than ten meters. Many kettle holes eventually fill with water, sediment, or vegetation. If the kettle is fed by surface or underground rivers or streams, it becomes a kettle lake, for example Wasa Lake. If the kettle receives its water from precipitation, the groundwater table, or a combination of the two, it is termed a kettle pond or kettle wetland, if vegetated. Kettle ponds that are not affected by the groundwater table will usually become dry during the warm summer months, in which case they are deemed ephemeral.

Kettles are mainly circular in shape because melting blocks of ice tend to become rounded; distorted or branching depressions may result from extremely irregular ice masses. The volume of the kettle hole (the size) is generally commensurate with the size of the ice block that created it.

Invermere is in the Southern Rocky Mountain Trench in the area known as Glacial Lake Invermere. Lake Invermere was thought to have been 210 kilometers long from Donald in the north to just north of Skookumchuk in the south. It was considered to have had a depth of over 100 meters and on average 2.5 K wide.

Kettle holes can form as the result of floods caused by the sudden drainage of an ice-dammed lake. These floods, called jökulhlaups, often rapidly deposit large quantities of sediment. The kettle holes can be formed by the melting blocks of sediment-rich ice that were transported and consequently buried by the jökulhlaups.

Acknowlegements to: B.C. Pearce (Geological Field Guide to The Southern Rocky Mountain Trench; E Swanson, College of the Rockies Ben Gadd, handbook of the Canadian Rockies

To log this Earthcache, please email the owner with the following: a) what is the man made object beside you at Ground Zero b) would you expect water at the bottom of this hole? c) What are the approximate dimensions and depth of this hole? d) In your opinion was this hole created by a melting of a block of ice or run off?

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