Black Hawk or Antonga was a nineteenth-century war chief of the Ute Tribe in what is the present-day state of Utah. He led the Utes against the Mormon settlers in the area and gained alliances with Paiute and Navajo bands in the territory against them during what became known as the Utah Black Hawk War from 1865–1872. Although Black Hawk made peace in 1867, other bands continued raiding until the US intervened with about 200 troops in 1872.
The Black Hawk War began in 1865 and ended in 1872. It was a three-part war, involving 16 tribes of the Utes, and allied bands of Paiute and Navajo who declared war against the Mormon settlers. For years the US government ignored requests for aid from the Mormons, as many Federal leaders wanted to displace the LDS Church from its dominance of settlers in Utah. Mormon settlers fought to maintain control of what they called "Zion", long the traditional territory of the Ute people.
As war chief, Black Hawk made alliances with the Paiute and Navajo, who had also been pushed off their lands. The Mormons formed militia units and quickly built forts. The Mormon militias had a hard time catching the Ute raiding warriors, but they sometimes attacked villages, where they also destroyed Ute stores and goods. The Utes drove off thousands of head of livestock by their raids, and killed nearly 70 Mormon settlers in the next two years. Over 100 Indians were killed in the raids. In 1867 Black Hawk signed a treaty with the Mormons. Other warriors continued raiding until the US government sent in 200 Army troops in 1872 to quell the unrest.
Black Hawk died of tuberculosis in 1870, before the war's end.
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