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- [REQUIRED] Please post a photo in your log of yourself or a personal item at Sir Sanford Fleming Park to prove you visited the site.
- Standing at GZ, can you see any evidence that this location previously separated two lakes?
- Based on the slope of the land on both sides of the Arm, how deep do you think the water is here compared to the water level further in or further out of the Arm?
Sir Sandford Fleming Park is a 95-acre (38 ha) urban park located in Halifax. It is also known as Dingle Park, which means wooded valley. The Park was donated to the people of Halifax by Sir Sandford Fleming. The centrepiece of the park is an impressive tower that commemorates Nova Scotia's achievement of representative government in 1758.
Prior to the last glaciation, the climate in Halifax was warmer than today. This period, called the Sangamonian Interglaciation, lasted from 128 to 75 ka. Buried under glacial deposits throughout Nova Scotia are the flattened remains of trees from the great interglacial forests. Pollen from buried forests and bogs shows that the climate fluctuated considerably during this interglacial period, with an early climatic optimum followed by less temperate times that culminated in glaciation. At the end of the interglaciation the climate cooled, the forests changed to tundra, and mastodons roamed Nova Scotia.
Glaciers in Nova Scotia can be reconstructed by the legacy they left behind. The changing flow paths of Maritime glaciers are revealed on rock outcrops by elongate scratches called striae
The direction of ice flow can also be determined by larger landforms, known as drumlins. These streamlined hills are formed underneath the ice sheets, moulded by a glacier as it flows around an obstacle. George's Island is a good example of a drumlin from Nova Scotia with the stoss or blunt end away from the direction of the ice flow. The tapered end points in the direction of glacier flow.
Former lakes
Here is a map showing the location of 10 lakes that existed in Halifax Harbour after the glaciers left and before the sea level returned and flooded the Harbour.
As a result of the glaciers over-deepening many areas of the Northwest Arm, the pre-existing system was eroded, and many deep basins were created. Early postglacial lakes formed throughout the Northwest Arm in many of the over-deepened bedrock depressions and were connected by a river and stream system to the Atlantic Ocean. As many as ten lakes existed in the present area of the Halifax Harbour.
This location at the Park, was the separation between two ancient lakes.
The lakes were progressively flooded by the sea during the postglacial sea-level rise ("marine transgression") that began from the lowstand of -65 m off the mouth of the harbour. The transgression eroded and reworked the previously deposited glacial materials, forming well sorted sand and gravel deposits, areas of bedrock outcrop, and eroded drumlins at the seabed.
By 5500 years ago, the ocean had progressed far enough and was deep enough for mud (LaHave Clay) to appear. The sediment came from eroded glacial, lake, and estuarine materials. The Northwest Arm, which was formerly a series of at least two lakes, was finally flooded by the rising sea at 5700 years ago when the shallow sill was breached by the rising waters. This changed the lake environment from freshwater to marine. This would have represented a major ecological change to the area.