自人們在北投地區活動起，溫泉就一直伴隨著居住在這裡活動的人們，北投的地名是源自於原住民語的女巫，是當地的原住民將溫泉的硫磺蒸氣解釋為有女巫在此施法。而北投地區的溫泉開發，根據文獻記載，最早可追溯至十七世紀末康熙年間有人在此開採硫磺；到了日治時期，日本人在北投建造了許多溫泉旅館和公共浴場。一直到了現在，北投仍是以溫泉著名的台北市觀光名勝。
Since people have been in Beitou, hot springs have been accompanied by people living here. The place name of Beitou is derived from the aboriginal language of witches, and the local aborigines interpret the sulfur vapor of the hot springs as the presence of witches's spell. The development of hot springs in Beitou area, according to literature records, can be traced back as early as the Kangxi period at the end of the 17th century when someone mined sulfur here; during the Japanese occupation period, the Japanese built many hot spring hotels and public baths in Beitou. Until now, Beitou is still a famous tourist attraction in Taipei City with its hot springs.
在這個地質寶中我們會介紹不同地區對於溫泉的定義，並藉由對北投獨特的三種不同溫泉的體驗讓大家思考什麼是溫泉，此外還會介紹溫泉是如何形成的，以及北投有何種地質條件可以成為溫泉的名所。
In this EarthCache, we will introduce the definition of hot springs in different regions, and let everyone think about what hot springs are through the experience of three unique hot springs in Beitou.In addition, it will introduce how the hot springs are formed and what geological conditions make Beitou a famous hot spring site.
溫泉的定義 Definition of hot spring
根據地區不同，溫泉的定義也會不同。根據維基百科，台灣對溫泉的定義為：溫泉是符合溫泉基準之溫泉水及水蒸氣（含溶於溫泉水中之氣體）。溫泉水包括自然湧出或人為抽取之溫水、冷水及水蒸氣（含溶於溫泉水中之氣體），在地表量測之溫度高於或等於30℃者。
日本溫泉法則規定：地下湧出之溫水、礦水、及水蒸氣與其他氣體（碳氫化合物為主成分的天然瓦斯除外）。溫度：高於或等於25℃；如溫泉低於25℃，其水質符合之規定19種物質（日本溫泉法附表）其中一種以上者。
韓國溫泉法規定溫泉指地下湧出，溫度高於或等於25℃之溫泉，水質成分對人體無害者。（但對水質成分並無規定）
部分歐美國家，如義大利、法國、德國等國以高於20℃之泉水；美國則定在70F（21.1℃）以上者為溫泉。
The definition of hot spring varies depending on the region. According to Wikipedia, Taiwan's definition of hot springs is: hot springs are hot spring water and water vapor (including gases dissolved in hot spring water) that meet the hot spring standards. Hot spring water includes warm water, cold water and water vapor (including gas dissolved in hot spring water) that are naturally gushed or artificially extracted, and the temperature measured on the surface is higher than or equal to 30°C.The Japanese hot spring law stipulates: warm water, mineral water, steam and other gases (except natural gas with hydrocarbons as the main component) gushing out of the ground. Temperature: higher than or equal to 25°C; if the hot spring is lower than 25°C, its water quality shall meet the requirements of one or more of 19 substances.
The Korean Hot Spring Law stipulates that hot springs refer to hot springs gushing underground with a temperature higher than or equal to 25°C, and the water quality components are harmless to the human body. (However, there is no regulation on water quality components)
Some European and American countries, such as Italy, France, Germany and other countries, use spring water higher than 20°C; in the United States, those above 70F (21.1°C) are hot springs.
溫泉如何形成 How hot springs form
溫泉（英語：hot spring）是一種由地下自然湧出的泉水，其水溫較環境年平均溫高攝氏5度以上。在學術上，湧出地表的泉水溫度高於當地的地下水溫者，即可稱為溫泉。
A hot spring is a kind of spring water that springs naturally from the ground, and its water temperature is more than 5 degrees Celsius higher than the annual average temperature of the environment. Academically, a spring whose temperature is higher than the local groundwater temperature can be called a hot spring.
溫泉的形成需具有三個條件：
1. 熱源－地下必須有熱水存在
地下深處若要有水，就必須有多孔隙的含水層。其溫度高低則視含水岩層的深度及當地的地溫梯度而定。地溫梯度又與熱源的種類有關，熱源大體分三類：第一類為存在地下約僅 5 ～ 10 公里深而尚未冷卻之火山岩漿庫或侵入岩體，這種熱源所成的地溫梯度較正常的地溫梯度超過三倍以上，即每深入地下 1 公里，溫度即將升高 90 ℃以上。第二類熱源為隆起之地函，係地殼板塊運動所引起，所造成的地溫梯度可能 2-3 倍於正常者，即每深入地下 1 公里，溫度上升 60 ℃- 90 ℃之間。第三類熱源為正常地溫梯度，即每深入地下 1 公里增溫 30 ℃。如有深長裂隙在導引熱水上升，同樣可形成高溫溫泉。
2. 壓力差－必須有靜水壓力差導致熱水上湧
造成靜水壓力差的方式可能有下列數種：
1.因冷熱水密度不同產生壓力差，促使熱水上湧形成溫泉。
2.深部熱水多數含有氣體，這些氣體隨熱水上升後由於壓力漸減而逐漸膨脹，益發減輕熱水密度而利於熱水上湧。在高山深谷地形配合下，谷底地面水可能要較高山中地下水位低得多，因此谷底可能為靜水壓差最大之處，故熱水由谷底湧的可能性最大，溫泉多發生於山谷中的河床上便是這種道理。適當的地質構造所造成的靜水壓如自流井，亦可能使深部地下水上湧形成溫泉。
3.在新造山運動帶內地槽沉積物受擠壓，原含水分有向外逃逸趨勢，此時若有裂隙上下貫穿，水分即可上升形成溫泉。
3. 深長裂隙－岩石中須有深長裂隙供熱水通達地面
裂隙本身雖無力驅使熱水上升，但可提供熱水上升之通路，其最大功用在於將深部熱水提升至地表附近而利於開發。在正常地溫梯度下，裂隙僅需縱深 1 ～ 2 公里即可造成中低溫溫泉，如深達 3 公里以上則有形成高溫溫泉之可能。
The formation of hot springs requires three conditions:
1. Heat source - hot water must exist underground
To have water deep underground, there must be a porous aquifer. Its temperature depends on the depth of the aquifer and the local geothermal gradient. The geothermal gradient is also related to the type of heat source. The heat source is roughly divided into three categories: the first category is the existence of a volcanic magma reservoir or intrusive rock mass that is only about 5 to 10 kilometers deep underground and has not yet cooled down. The geothermal gradient formed by this heat source The geothermal gradient is more than three times higher than normal, that is, the temperature is about to increase by more than 90 °C for every 1 km deep into the ground. The second type of heat source is the uplifted mantle, which is caused by the movement of the crustal plates, and the resulting geothermal gradient may be 2-3 times that of the normal one, that is, the temperature rises between 60 °C and 90 °C for every 1 km deep underground. The third type of heat source is the normal geothermal gradient, that is, the temperature increases by 30 °C for every 1 km deep underground. If deep and long fissures are guiding hot water to rise, high-temperature hot springs can also be formed.
2. Differential pressure - there must be a difference in hydrostatic pressure to cause hot water to surge
There may be several ways to create a difference in hydrostatic pressure:
1. Due to the difference in the density of hot and cold water, the pressure difference is generated, which promotes the upwelling of hot water to form a hot spring.
2. Most of the deep hot water contains gas, which gradually expands as the hot water rises due to the gradual decrease in pressure, which reduces the density of the hot water and facilitates the upwelling of the hot water. With the topography of high mountains and deep valleys, the surface water at the bottom of the valley may be much lower than the groundwater level in the mountains, so the bottom of the valley may be the place with the largest hydrostatic pressure difference, so the possibility of hot water gushing from the bottom of the valley is the greatest, and hot springs mostly occur in the valleys This is the truth in the riverbed of the . The hydrostatic pressure caused by appropriate geological structures, such as artesian wells, can also make deep groundwater upwell to form hot springs.
3. In the neo-orogenic belt, the trough sediments are squeezed, and the original water has a tendency to escape outward. At this time, if there are fissures running up and down, the water can rise to form hot springs.
3. Deep and long fissures - there must be deep and long fissures in the rock for hot water to reach the ground
Although the fissure itself is unable to drive the hot water to rise, it can provide a passage for the hot water to rise. Under normal geothermal gradients, fissures only need to be 1 to 2 kilometers deep to form medium and low temperature hot springs, and if the depth is more than 3 kilometers, high temperature hot springs may be formed.
大屯山地區熱水產生示意圖 Schematic diagram of hot water generation in Datunshan area
北投溫泉的熱水來源 Hot water source of Beitou Hot Spring
北投的溫泉屬於在台灣少數的火山溫泉，其熱源來自火山的岩漿庫，在台灣，除了北投外只有龜山島與綠島兩座外島的溫泉屬於火山溫泉。而提供北投溫泉熱源的正是大屯火山群。大屯火山群屬於相當年輕的火山，約距今200萬年前開始噴發，20 萬年前停止活動，相當於地質年代之第四紀。火山停止活動後留下豐富的熱源，地下蒸氣壓力在火山口或斷層附近爆破地面而出，爆裂口常有噴氣孔、硫氣孔和溫泉等之存在，這些後期火山作用噴發即形成大屯山常見的噴氣孔、硫氣孔或溫泉。
The hot springs in Beitou belong to the few volcanic hot springs in Taiwan, and their heat source comes from the magma reservoir of the volcano. It is the Datun Volcano Group that provides the heat source of Beitou hot springs. The Datun Volcanic Group is a fairly young volcano, which began to erupt about 2 million years ago and ceased activity 200,000 years ago, which is equivalent to the Quaternary in geological age. After the volcanic activity stopped, it left a rich source of heat, and the underground vapor pressure blasted out of the ground near the crater or fault. The crater often has fumaroles, sulfur pores, and hot springs. These late volcanic eruptions formed Datun Mountain. fumaroles, sulfur blowholes or hot springs.
三種北投的溫泉與形成方式 Three Beitou hot springs and their formation methods
北投的溫泉因不同的泉質分為三種，分別為青磺泉、白磺泉、鐵磺泉。
The hot springs in Beitou are mainly divided into three different categories due to the quality of the hot springs, namely Green sulfur Spring, White sulfur Spring, and Iron Sulfur Spring.
青磺泉：青磺泉的源頭位於北投公園旁的地熱谷一帶，為天然湧泉，泉溫介於50°C~75°C之間、PH值為1-2、泉水呈淡綠色，泉質中主要含有硫酸根離子(約2600ppm)、鈉離子(約1000ppm)及氯離子(約3000ppm)等成分，是酸性的硫酸鹽氯化物泉，對慢性皮膚病、肌肉痠痛皆具療效；也因為泉質具有強酸性，所以殺菌力也較強。青磺泉的泉質與日本秋田縣的玉川溫泉的泉質相似，兩者皆因含有少量的放射性鐳，所以都被成為"鐳溫泉"
白磺泉：白磺泉的泉源主要來自硫磺谷，此泉是經由自來水公司隱地表水注入噴氣孔的池中，由火山氣體加熱而成，是所謂的"人工溫泉"。白磺泉的泉溫介於50°C~95°之間、PH值為3-4、泉水呈濁白色且有硫磺味，泉質中的成分是以硫酸根離子(約1000ppm)為主，唯一酸性硫酸鹽泉，略帶強酸性的泉質加上泉中硼離子、錳離子之作用對部分傷口之殺菌及癒合有所幫助。
鐵磺泉：鐵磺泉是分布在雙重溪北面及南磺溪上游的山谷之間，溫泉是由岩縫間湧出，泉溫介於45°C~60°C之間、PH值為6-8、泉水透明無色(氣曝氧化後則會變成紅褐色)，泉質中以碳酸氫根離子(約460ppm)及硫酸根離子(約120ppm)的成分居多，為中-弱鹼性之硫酸鹽碳酸氫鈉泉，對慢性風濕痛及神經痛有療效。
The hot springs in Beitou are mainly divided into three different categories due to the quality of the hot springs, namely Green sulfur Spring, White sulfur Spring, and Iron Sulfur Spring.
Green sulfur Spring: The source of Green sulfur Spring is located in the geothermal valley next to Beitou Park, which is a natural spring.
The spring temperature is between 50°C and 75°C, the pH value is 1-2, and the spring water is light green. The spring quality mainly contains sulfate ions (about 2600ppm), sodium ions (about 1000ppm) and chloride ions (about 3000ppm) and other ingredients, it is an acidic sulfate chloride spring, which has curative effects on chronic skin diseases and muscle soreness; also because the spring is highly acidic, it has strong bactericidal power. The spring quality of Green sulfur Spring is similar to that of Tamagawa Onsen in Akita Prefecture, Japan. Both are called "Radium Hot Springs" because they contain a small amount of radioactive radium.
White sulfur Spring: The source of the white sulfur spring is mainly from the sulfur valley. This spring is injected into the pool of the fumarole by the hidden surface water of the water company, and is heated by volcanic gas. It is a so-called "artificial hot spring". The spring temperature of White sulfur Spring Spring is between 50°C and 95°, the pH value is 3-4, the spring water is turbid white and smells of sulfur. The composition of the spring quality is mainly sulfate ions (about 1000ppm). The only acidic sulfate spring, the slightly strongly acidic spring quality and the boron ions and manganese ions in the spring are helpful for the sterilization and healing of some wounds.
Iron sulfur spring: The iron sulfur spring is distributed between the north of the Shuangxi River and the upper valley of the Nansu River. The hot spring is gushing from the rock crevices. The spring temperature is between 45°C and 60°C, and the pH value is 6- 8. The spring water is transparent and colorless (it will turn reddish-brown after aeration and oxidation), and the spring water is mostly composed of bicarbonate ions (about 460ppm) and sulfate ions (about 120ppm), which are medium-weakly alkaline sulfates Sodium bicarbonate spring is effective for chronic rheumatic pain and neuralgia.
白磺泉生成示意圖 Schematic diagram of the generation of white sulfur spring
大屯山溫泉泉質分佈及類型 Distribution and types of hot springs in Datun Mountain
臺北市管轄溫泉區內單獨露頭有 19 處，成群出現的露頭群有 28 處，合計 47 處溫泉露頭 ，分布密度位列全台之首。這些溫泉水泉質獨特，全大屯山區共有六種，在臺北市區內陽明山區的溫泉泉質主要有四類，分別為酸性硫酸鹽泉、酸性硫酸鹽氯化物泉、中性硫酸鹽泉、以及硫酸鹽碳酸氫納泉等四類，以酸性硫酸鹽泉佔多數 。顯示大屯火山區影響溫泉生成的地質條件非常複雜。
There are 19 outcrops in the hot spring area under the jurisdiction of Taipei City, and 28 outcrops appear in groups, making a total of 47 hot spring outcrops, and the distribution density ranks first in Taiwan. The quality of these hot springs is unique. There are six types of hot springs in the Datun Mountains. There are four main types of hot springs in the Yangming Mountains of Taipei City, namely acid sulfate springs, acid sulfate chloride springs, neutral sulfate springs, As well as four types of sulfate bicarbonate sodium springs, acid sulfate springs account for the majority. It shows that the geological conditions affecting the generation of hot springs in the Datun volcanic area are very complex.
上圖為大屯山泉質分布圖 The picture above shows the distribution of spring quality in Datun Mountain.
上圖是大屯火山群地質圖。可將此圖與大屯山泉質分布圖重疊比較。
The picture above is the geological map of the Datun Volcanic Group. The blue dot is the hot spring area, the horseshoe is the crater, the pink area is the andesite, and the yellow is the tuff Breccia.
This map can be overlapped and compared with the distribution map of Datun Mountain spring quality.
在北投的三種溫泉中較常見的為青磺泉與白磺泉，由於鐵磺泉位於陽明山上的溪谷中，因此若只在北投的鬧區活動較不會有機會接觸到，此地質寶希望能介紹北投主要的這三種溫泉並推廣給更多人知道，因此會列出可以體驗到此三種溫泉的地點希望能增加大家對於北投溫泉的認識。
Among the three types of hot springs in Beitou, the most common ones are Green sulfur Spring and White sulfur Spring. Since Tie-sulfur Spring is located in the valley on Yangming Mountain, it is unlikely that you will come into contact with it if you are only active in the downtown area of Beitou. This EarthCache hopes to introduce these three main hot springs in Beitou and promote it to more people, so I will list the places where you can experience these three hot springs, hoping to increase everyone's understanding of Beitou hot springs.
如何登錄這個地質寶 To log in to this EarthCache
1.請先在發布座標的星川亭手湯體驗北投獨特的青磺泉，記錄下其溫泉特徵(顏色、溫度、氣味、觸感...等)再去另外兩個觀察點體驗至少一種不同於青磺泉的溫泉種類，並且比較他們溫泉特徵的不同。
2.在體驗過不同的溫泉後，請你想想看為什麼同樣來自北投不同的溫泉會有不同的成分、性質差異?(你可以藉由頁面中的最後兩張圖作為思考的依據)
3.藉由頁面的介紹，我們能知道不同的國家對於溫泉有不同的定義，那請問你認為白磺泉這樣經由人工產生製造的能算是溫泉嗎?你自己認為被認定為溫泉最重要的條件是會什麼?
1. Please first experience Beitou's unique Green sulfur Spring at the Xingchuan Pavilion where the POST coordinates., record its characteristics (color, temperature, smell, touch, etc.), and then go to the other two observation points to experience at least one of them Different types of hot springs from Qingsulfur Springs, and compare their differences in hot spring characteristics.
2. After experiencing different hot springs, please think about why different hot springs from Beitou have different ingredients and properties? (You can use the last two pictures on the page as a basis for thinking)
3. Through the introduction of the page, we can know that different countries have different definitions of hot springs. Do you think that the artificially produced white sulphur springs can be regarded as hot springs? Do you think that the most important conditions for being recognized as hot springs are what?
在何處能體驗到不同的溫泉 Where to experience a different hot spring
青磺泉：地熱谷手湯 (除了發布座標外另一個可以體驗青磺泉的地方)
Green sulfur Spring: Thermal Valley Hand soaking Pool (In addition to POST coordinates, another place where you can experience Green sulfur Spring)
白磺泉：硫磺谷泡腳池
White sulfur Spring: Sulfur Valley Hot Spring Foot-Soaking Pool
鐵磺泉：羅漢窟溫泉
Iron sulfur spring: Luohan Cave Hot Spring
注意：上述泡腳池與手湯皆為台北市政府管轄之公共設施，羅漢窟溫泉則為被拆除之大眾浴池留下之管線經由當地人重新調整後的野泉，如去體驗請注意禮節，請勿做出拍照或喧嘩之類打擾當地居民之行為。
Note: The above-mentioned Hot Spring Foot/Hand Soaking Pool soup are all public facilities of the Taipei City Government. The Luohan Cave Hot Spring is a wild spring after the pipeline left by the demolished public bath was readjusted by the locals. If you go to experience, please pay attention to etiquette and do not disturb local residents such as taking pictures or making noises.