Brown Bear
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear
The brown bearWis sometimes referred to as the bruin, from Middle English. This name originated in the fable History
of Reynard the Fox translated0by William Caxton from Middle Dutch bruun or bruyn, meaning brown (the color). In the
mid-19th century United8States, the brown bear was termed "Old Ephraim" and sometimes as "Moccasin Joe". The
scientific name of the0brown bear, Ursus arctos, comes from the Latin ursus, meaning "bear", and the Greek
ἄρκτος/arktos, also1meaning "bear". Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as
"formidable and6.confusing," with few authorities listing the same5specific set of subspecies. Subspecies include:
Tibetan Blue8Bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus), Marsican Brown4Bear (Ursus arctos arctos), California Grizzly Bear
Ursus arctos8californicus), Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), Alaskan Grizzly5Bear (Ursus arctos alascensis),
Kamchatka4Brown Bear (Ursus arctos beringianus), East Siberian Brown Bear (Ursus1.arctos collaris), Atlas Bear
(Ursus arctos crowtheri), Dall Island Brown Bear (Ursus arctos dalli), Alaska Peninsula Brown5Bear (Ursus arctos
gyas), Himalayan Brown Bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), Ussuri Brown Bear (Ursus arctos lasiotus), Kodiak9Bear
(Ursus arctos middendorfii), Stickeen Brown Bear (Ursus arctos stikeenensis), Syrian Brown3Bear (Ursus arctos
syriacus), ABC Islands Bear (Ursus arctos sitkensis). Eurasian Brown Bear, Gobi BearNand Cantabrian Brown Bear.
Distribution
The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear species found across Eurasia and North America. Brown bears were once native to Europe, much of Asia, the Atlas Mountains of Africa, and North America, but are now extirpated in some areas, and their populations have greatly decreased in other areas. There are approximately 200,000 brown bears left in the world. The Brown Bears are found in Russia, United States, Canada, Alaska, Yukon and Northwest Territories, south through British Columbia and through the western half of Alberta. In Europe, Spain, Pyrenees, France and Andorra, Asturias, Cantabria, Galiciaand León, in the Picos de Europa and adjacent areas. In west, to Russia and in the east, and from Sweden and Finland in the north to Romania , Bulgaria , Slovakia, Slovenia and Greece in the south
Habitat
This species inhabits the broadest range of habitats of any living bear species. They seem to have no altitudinal preferences and have been recorded from sea level to an elevation of 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in the Himalayas. In most of their range, brown bears generally seem to prefer semi-open country, with a scattering of vegetation that can allow them a resting spot during the day. However, they have been recorded as inhabiting every variety of northern temperate forest known to occur. The brown bear is mostly found in forested habitats in elevations of up to 5,000 m (16,000 ft).
Description
It is one of the largest living terrestrial members of the order Carnivora, rivaled in size only by its closest relative, the polar bear, which is much less variable in size and slightly bigger on average. Despite its name, brown bears aren't entirely brown; the pelage can be reddish to yellowish-brown, and dark brown to cream in color. During winter, brown bears in some populations hibernate and emerge during spring to regain up to 180 kg (400 lb) of weight. They have well developed dentition and claws, ideal for their lifestyle.
Brown bears have one of the largest skulls of any land-based carnivore, and are able to make use of tools. They are long lived animals, with an average lifespan of 25 years in the wild. The brown bear is the most variable in size of modern bears. The typical size depends upon which population it is from, and most accepted subtypes vary widely in size. This is in part due to sexual dimorphism, as male brown bears average at least 30% larger in most subtypes. Individual bears vary in size seasonally, weighing the least in spring due to lack of foraging during hibernation, and the most in late fall, after a period of hyperphagia to put on additional weight to prepare for hibernation. Therefore, a bear may need to be weighed in both spring and fall to get an idea of its mean annual weight. Generally, brown bears weigh anywhere from 80 to 600 kg (180 to 1,320 lb), with males outweighing females. The tail is relatively short, as in all bears, ranging from 6 to 22 cm (2.4 to 8.7 in) in length. the brown bear is the only modern bear species to typically appear truly brown. The winter fur is very thick and long, especially in northern subspecies, and can reach 11 to 12 centimetres (4 to 5 in) at the withers. The winter hairs are thin, yet rough to the touch. The summer fur is much shorter and sparser, with its length and density varying geographically. The brown bear is often described as nocturnal. However, it frequently seems to peak in activity in the morning and early evening hours. Activity can occur at nearly any time of night or day, with bears who dwell in areas with more extensive human contact being more likely to be fully nocturnal. Furthermore, yearling and newly independent bears are more likely to be active diurnally and many adult bears in low-disturbance areas are largely crepuscular. In summer through autumn, a brown bear can double its weight from the spring, gaining up to 180 kg (400 lb) of fat, on which it relies to make it through winter, when it becomes very lethargic. The lifespan of brown bears of both sexes within minimally hunted populations is estimated at an average of 25 years. The oldest wild brown bear on record was nearly 37 years old. The oldest recorded female in captivity was nearly 40 years old, while males in captivity have been verified to live up to 47 years, with one captive male possibly attaining 50 years of age
Size
It is one of the largest living terrestrial members of the order Carnivora. Adults of different subspecies range in weight from 80 to 600 kg (180 to 1,320 lb), with males being heavier than females. The normal range of physical dimensions for a brown bear is a head-and-body length of 1.4 to 2.8 m (4 ft 7 in to 9 ft 2 in) and a shoulder height of 70 to 153 cm (2 ft 4 in to 5 ft 0 in).
Diet
It is omnivorous, and consumes a variety of plant and animal species, with the former comprising 90% of its diet. The bear hunts animals as small as rodents, to those as large as moose or muskoxen. In parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears predominately feed on spawning salmon that come ashore to lay their eggs. The brown bear is one of the most omnivorous animals in the world and has been recorded as consuming the greatest variety of foods of any bear. Despite their reputation, most brown bears are not highly carnivorous, as they derive up to 90% of their dietary food energy from vegetable matter. They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms. Among all bears, brown bears are uniquely equipped to dig for tough foods such as roots, bulbs and shoots. They use their long, strong claws to dig out earth to reach the roots and their powerful jaws to bite through them. In spring, winter-provided carrion, grasses, shoots, sedges, moss[116] and forbs are the dietary mainstays for brown bears internationally. Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn. Roots and bulbs become critical in autumn for some inland bear populations if fruit crops are poor. They will also commonly consume animal matter, which in summer and autumn may regularly be in the form of insects, larvae and grubs, including beehives. Bears in Yellowstone eat an enormous number of moths during the summer, sometimes as many as 40,000 army cutworm moths in a single day, and may derive up to half of their annual food energy from these insects. Brown bears living near coastal regions will regularly eat crabs and clams. In Alaska, bears along the beaches of estuaries regularly dig through the sand for clams. This species may eat birds and their eggs, including almost entirely ground- or rock-nesting species. The diet may be supplemented by rodents or similar smallish mammals, including marmots, ground squirrels, mice, rats, lemmings and voles.[23] With particular regularity, bears in Denali National Park will wait at burrows of Arctic ground squirrels hoping to pick off a few of the 1 kg (2.2 lb) rodents. spawning salmon, red foxes, bald eagles, common ravens and gulls. elk, moose, caribou, muskoxen and wild boar. carrion, wolves, cougars, tigers, and American black bears. Cannibalism is not unheard of, though predation is not normally believed to be the primary motivation when brown bears attack each other.
domestic animal. domestic cattle. Plants and fruit farmed by humans are readily consumed as well, including corn, wheat, sorghum, melons and any form of berries. They may feed on domestic bee yards, readily consuming both honey and the brood (grubs and pupae) of the honey bee colony.
Hibernation
Although they are not full hibernators and can be woken easily, both sexes like to den in a protected spot during the winter months. Hibernation dens may consist of any spot that provides cover from the elements and that can accommodate their bodies, such as a cave, crevice, cavernous tree roots, or hollow logs.
Reproduction and development
The brown bear has a naturally long life. Wild females have been observed reproducing up to 28 years of age, which is the oldest known age for reproduction of any bear in the wild. The peak age for females ranges from 4 to 20 years old. The brown bear is a solitary animal. A female will give birth to an average litter of 1–3 cubs, and will protect her young for an average of 1.5 to 4.5 years. Female bears with cubs rival adult males in aggression and are much more intolerant of other bears. The mating season is from mid-May to early July, shifting later the further north the bears are found. Males take no part in raising their cubs – parenting is left entirely to the females. The cubs are born eight weeks later while the mother sleeps. There have been cases of brown bears with as many as six cubs, although the average litter size is one to three, with more than four being considered uncommon. There are records of females sometimes adopting stray cubs or even trading or kidnapping cubs when they emerge from hibernation (a larger female may claim cubs away from a smaller one). Older and larger females within a population tend to give birth to larger litters. The size of a litter also depends on factors such as geographic location and food supply. At birth, the cubs are blind, toothless and hairless and may weigh from 350 to 510 g (0.77 to 1.12 lb.). They feed on their mother's milk until spring or even early summer, depending on climate conditions. At this time, the cubs weigh 7 to 9 kg (15 to 20 lb.) and have developed enough to follow her over long distances and begin to forage for solid food. The cubs are fully dependent on the mother and a close bond is formed. During the dependency stage, the cubs learn (rather than inherit as instincts from birth) survival techniques, such as which foods have the highest nutritional value and where to obtain them; how to hunt, fish and defend themselves; and where to den.The cubs learn by following and imitating their mother's actions during the period they are with her. Cubs remain with their mother for an average of 2.5 years in North America, uncommonly being independent as early as 1.5 years of age or as late as 4.5 years of age.
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