EN
Clasts are fragments of rock or minerals that result from the breakdown of pre-existing rocks through physical and chemical processes such as erosion, weathering, or tectonic activity. These fragments can vary greatly in size — from microscopic clay particles to blocks several tens of centimeters across — and form the basis of detrital sedimentary rocks. The shape, degree of rounding, and composition of clasts provide valuable information about the origin and geological history of the sediments, particularly the transport distance and the energy of the depositional environment.

Another example inside St. Peter’s Basilica
Conglomerates are clastic sedimentary rocks mainly composed of rounded clasts larger than 2 millimeters, cemented together by fine materials such as silica, calcite, or iron oxides. The rounding of the clasts indicates that these fragments were transported over long distances in high-energy environments such as fast-flowing rivers, beaches, or deltas. Thus, conglomerates are evidence of ancient fluvial or coastal systems where the power of moving water rolled and polished the fragments before their deposition and cementation.

Conglomerates
Breccias are distinguished from conglomerates by their angular clasts, indicating very short or almost no transport. They often form near the source of the fragments, such as along tectonic fault zones, mountain slopes, or in deposits of volcanic origin. Their irregular texture and variety of fragments make breccias an important record of high-energy geological phenomena such as landslides, mass movements, or deep fractures within the Earth’s crust.

Breccias
Cement is the material that fills the spaces between clasts and transforms loose sediment into a solid rock. In the rock observable at St. Peter’s Basilica, the cement can show different shades (whitish, yellowish, or brownish) resulting from the presence of minerals such as calcite, silica, or iron oxides. These minerals precipitate from ion-rich solutions circulating through the rock pores during diagenesis, that is, the process of compaction and consolidation of sediments after deposition. The color of the cement provides clues about the chemical and environmental conditions in which the rock formed: for example, reddish or brownish tones often indicate the presence of oxidized iron (oxidizing environment), while light tones suggest predominantly calcitic or siliceous cementation. Studying the cement allows us to understand not only how the fragments became bound together, but also the geochemical environment in which this occurred.
References
Geology.com, Sedimentar Rocks: Conglomerate and Breccia
ThoughtCo, Breccia Rock Geology and Uses